Imijikelo Yokukhula Kubantwana Abancinci: Kuthetha Ntoni Kwaye Yintoni Ekufuneka Iintsapho Ziyiqwalasele?
Iintsana ziyatshintsha ngokukhawuleza kwaye zikhule kwiminyaka yazo yokuqala zobomi ukusukela ekuzalweni. Iimpembelelo zokukhula, eziyinxalenye yolu phuhliso, zizezithuba zendalo apho iintsana zenza amanyathelo abalulekileyo ngokwengqondo nangokwasemzimbeni ngexesha elifutshane. Ngokuqhelekileyo, phantse yonke intwana idlula kwezi nkqubo kude kube yiminyaka emi-2, kodwa amava empembelelo yokukhula ahluka kumntwana ngamnye.
Ulwazi Jikelele Ngeempembelelo Zokukhula
Iimpembelelo zokukhula; zizezithuba ezimfutshane kodwa ezinamandla apho iintsana zibonisa inkqubela ebonakalayo kuphuhliso lwazo kwiiveki ezithile. Le nkqubo ihlala iintsuku ezi-2 ukuya kwezi-4, ngamanye amaxesha inokuba yiveki ezimbalwa. Ngokuchaseneyo nolwazi oluqhelekileyo, iimpembelelo zokukhula azisosisifo okanye uphawu lwengxaki; endaweni yoko, ziyinxalenye yophuhliso olusempilweni.
Uninzi lwabazali lunokubona utshintsho olukhawulezayo kwiziphatha abaziqhelileyo kwiintsana zabo ngexesha lempembelelo yokukhula. Ukuphazamiseka kolawulo lokulala, ukwanda okanye ukuncipha komdla wokutya, ukungonwabi, ukunamathela ebeleni okanye ukusukela ebeleni, nokukhala kakhulu zizezinye zeempawu eziqhelekileyo ngeli xesha. Nangona ezi tshintsho zinokubangela inkxalabo kubazali, zihlala ziphela ngokwazo kwixesha elifutshane.
Zeziphi Iimpawu Eziqhelekileyo Zeempembelelo Zokukhula?
Iimpawu ezinokubonwa kwiintsana ngexesha lempembelelo yokukhula zezi:
Ukungafuni kutya okanye ukwanda komdla wokutya ngokukhawuleza
Umnqweno wokusondela ngakumbi kunina okanye kuyise
Ukufuna ukuncancisa rhoqo okanye ukwala ukuncancisa
Ukukhala kakhulu kunye nokungonwabi
Ubunzima ekufumaneni ubuthongo okanye ukuphazamiseka kolawulo lokulala
Ukukhalazela nokuba neziqendu zokukhala
Ukungafuni ukudlala okanye ukwenza imisebenzi abeqhele ukuyithanda
Iingxaki zokugaya ukutya ezifana nobushushu obuphezulu, urhudo okanye ukungakwazi ukuqunjelwa (ngamanye amaxesha)
Ukungafuni ukuhlala yedwa, kunye nokwanda kokuzimela kumntu omdala
Ayizizo zonke ezi mpawu eziza kubonakala kuyo yonke intwana. Kwangokunjalo, kwezinye iintsana kunokubonakala ukuchacha kwesikhumba okanye iimpawu ezifana nosulelo oluncinane. Ezi mpawu zihlala zinxulumene nempembelelo yokukhula; kodwa ukuba zihlala ixesha elide okanye ziba mandundu, kubalulekile ukudibana nengcali yezempilo.
Zeziphi Izizathu Zeempembelelo Zokukhula?
Izizathu zeempembelelo zokukhula azikacaci ngokwesayensi. Nangona kunjalo, kukho izizathu ezinokwenzeka ezinxulumene nophuhliso lomzimba nengqondo lwentsana:
Ukuphuhliswa Kweengqondo: Iminyaka emibini yokuqala yexesha apho ingqondo ikhula ngokukhawuleza. Ngeli xesha, iiseli zengqondo zenza unxibelelwano olutsha kwaye iintsana zifumana izakhono ezahlukeneyo zengqondo nezomzimba.
Iihomoni: Ngokuhamba nempembelelo yokukhula, ukukhutshwa kwehomoni yokukhula kunye nezinye iihomoni zophuhliso kunokwanda. Oku kunokubangela utshintsho lwemvakalelo.
Ulawulo Lokulala: Ngexesha lokukhula kwentsana, kunokuba nzima ukugcina ulawulo lokulala. Kucingelwa ukuba ezinye iiprotein ezikhutshwa ngexesha lokulala zinceda ekukhuleni nasekuphuhlisweni kwengqondo.
Ukutya: Ukungondleki kakuhle okanye ukungalingani kokutya kunokuchaphazela iimpembelelo zokukhula. Ukungalingani komdla wokutya kuqhelekile ngeli xesha.
Utshintsho Kwimeko-bume: Utshintsho ebomini njengokufuduka okanye ukufika komntu omtsha kusapho kunokubangela iimpawu zempembelelo yokukhula ngenxa yoxinzelelo kwezinye iintsana.
Umahluko Ngomntu Ngamnye: Imeko yemfuza kunye neyokusingqongileyo yomntwana ngamnye yahlukile. Ngenxa yoko, ixesha, amandla kunye neempawu zempembelelo yokukhula zinokwahluka.
Iimpembelelo zokukhula zihlala zibonisa uphuhliso olusempilweni. Kodwa abazali banokuthi bacele ingcebiso kugqirha wabantwana xa bekhathazekile ukuze baqhubeke bekhuselekile.
Ziziphi Iixesha Eziqhelekileyo Zeempembelelo Zokukhula?
Iingcali zithi iintsana zidlula kwiimpembelelo zokukhula ezimalunga ne-10 kwiinyanga ezingama-20 zokuqala emva kokuzalwa. Ezi mpembelelo zihlala zenzeka kwiiveki ezithile. Kodwa ixesha ngalinye lingahluka ngeentsuku okanye ngeeveki, ngakumbi kwiintsana ezazalwa zingekafiki ixesha, kuthiwe xa kubalwa iiveki kuthathelwa ingqalelo umhla wokuzalwa obulindelekile.
Amaxesha Aqhuba Iimpembelelo Zokukhula:
Iveki yokuqala: Ukuphuhliswa kweemvakalelo kuqala. Intwana iqala ukusabela kwindalo ngeephawu zobuso kunye nezandi.
Iveki yesihlanu: Ukuqonda iimvakalelo kuyanda. Ukukhala kunye nokungonwabi kunokubonwa kwintwana.
Iveki yesibhozo: Lixesha lokusabela. Intwana isabela ebusweni bomzali, inakho ukulandela izinto.
Iveki yeshumi elinesibini: Izakhono zokulingisa ziyaphuhliswa. Intwana iqala ukulingisa izandi kunye neempawu zobuso, kwaye iphucula izakhono zemoto.
Iveki yeshumi elinethoba: Ukolula izandla, ukubamba kunye nokubamba izinto kuqala.
Iveki yamashumi amabini anesithandathu: Izakhono zonxibelelwano lwentlalo ziyaqina; intwana inokuqalisa ukuthetha 'mama' okanye 'tata', ukudlala kunye nokusabela kwabantu abangabaziyo.
Iveki yamashumi amathathu anesixhenxe: Ukunyakaza ngokwasemzimbeni kunye nokulinganisela kuyaphuhliswa; intwana izama ukuma kwaye ithathe amanyathelo okuqala.
Iveki yamashumi amane anesithandathu: Inkqubela kuphuhliso lolwimi, ukuqala ukusetyenziswa kwamagama amatsha kunye nezigwebo ezilula.
Iveki yamashumi amahlanu anesihlanu: Izakhono zokusombulula iingxaki ziyaphuhliswa; inako ukujongana neengxaki ezilula.
Iveki yamashumi amathandathu anesine kunye namashumi asixhenxe anesihlanu: Iimpawu zokuzimela kunye nobuchule ziyanda; inako ukwenza imisebenzi ethile yodwa kwaye ibonise ubuchule bokucinga emidlalweni.
Kwiintsana ezidlula iminyaka emibini, iimpembelelo zokukhula zihlala zenzeka ngamaxesha athile kwaye zibe lula ngakumbi.
Yintoni Enokwenziwa Ngabazali Ngexesha Leempembelelo Zokukhula?
Kuyinto eqhelekileyo ukuba utshintsho lube khona kumhla wemihla ngemihla womntwana wakho ngexesha leempembelelo zokukhula. Ukubekezela, ukuqonda kunye nokuxhasa ngeli xesha kunceda umntwana wakho adlule kule nkqubo ngokulula. Ingakumbi ulawulo lokulala kunye nokutya kunokutshintsha; ngoko ke kubalulekile ukuba ube neendlela eziguquguqukayo kwaye unike ixesha ngokweemfuno zomntwana.
Ezinye iindlela ezicetyiswayo ngeli xesha:
Qinisekisa ukuba umntwana wakho uziva ekhuselekile, amve ukuba ukhona ecaleni kwakhe.
Yamkela ukungafuni kutya okanye ukwanda komdla wokutya ngokuqonda; mnike ukutya ngendlela efanelekileyo ngaphandle kokunyanzelisa.
Yiba neendlela eziguquguqukayo kutshintsho kolawulo lokulala; yiba naye xa elele ixesha elongezelelweyo okanye evuka rhoqo.
Ukuba akafuni ukuncancisa okanye ukutya ngebhotile, zama ukuba nomonde kwaye uhlale uzolile.
Ukuba ubona iimpawu ezingaqhelekanga okanye ezinzima (ubushushu obuphezulu, ukugabha ixesha elide, urhudo, ukungonwabi okukhulu), qhagamshelana nengcali yezempilo.
Ukuhlala unxibelelana nogqirha wabantwana wakho rhoqo malunga nemibuzo kunye neengcebiso zonyango malunga neempembelelo zokukhula yeyona ndlela ikhuselekileyo.
Imibuzo Ebuziwa Rhoqo
1. Iimpembelelo zokukhula zenzeka nini kwiintsana?
Iimpembelelo zokukhula zihlala zenzeka kwiiveki ezithile kwiinyanga ezingama-20 zokuqala emva kokuzalwa. Kodwa ixesha ngalinye lingahluka kancinci kumntwana ngamnye.
2. Kuza kuhlala ixesha elingakanani ukungonwabi okanye ukungafuni kutya okunguphawu lwempembelelo yokukhula?
Ezi mpawu zihlala iintsuku ezi-2 ukuya kwezi-4 kwaye zihlala ziphela ngokwazo. Ukuba zihlala ixesha elide okanye ziba mandundu, kufuneka ubonane nogqirha.
3. Iimpembelelo zokukhula sisifo na?
Hayi, iimpembelelo zokukhula azisoloko ziphawula isifo. Ziyinxalenye yophuhliso olusempilweni.
4. Ndingenza ntoni xa intwana yam idlula kwimpembelelo yokukhula?
Kubalulekile ukuba nomonde kwaye uqonde, umenze azive ukuba ukhona ecaleni kwakhe. Ukuba kuyimfuneko, cela inkxaso kugqirha wabantwana.
5. Iimpembelelo zokukhula zenzeka ngendlela efanayo kuyo yonke intwana?
Hayi, iimpembelelo zokukhula zahluke kumntwana ngamnye. Ixesha, iimpawu kunye nobude bazo bunokwahluka ngokomntu.
6. Kutheni kubalulekile ukuqonda iimpawu zempembelelo yokukhula kumntwana wakho?
Ukuqonda utshintsho kwiziphatha eziboniswa ngeli xesha kunceda abazali ukuba bangaxhalabi kwaye kube lula ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zomntwana ukuze aqhubeke ephuhlisa ingqondo nomzimba wakhe ngendlela yendalo.
7. Ndingenza ntoni ukuba ubushushu okanye ukuchacha kwesikhumba kuvela ngexesha lempembelelo yokukhula?
Ubushushu obuphantsi kunye nokuchacha kwesikhumba kunokunxulumana nempembelelo yokukhula. Kodwa ubushushu obuphezulu, ukugabha ixesha elide, urhudo okanye ukuchacha okukhulu kwesikhumba kufuna ukuba ubonane nogqirha.
8. Iimpembelelo zokukhula zibalwa njani kwiintsana ezazalwa zingekafiki ixesha?
Kwiintsana ezazalwa zingekafiki ixesha, iiveki zempembelelo yokukhula zibalwa ngokusekelwe kumhla wokuzalwa obulindelekile hayi kumhla wokuzalwa wokwenyani.
9. Kutheni iimpembelelo zokukhula zibalulekile kuphuhliso lwentsana?
Ezi zithuba zizezithuba apho izakhono ezininzi zengqondo nezemoto zifundwa okokuqala, kwaye ukuphuhliswa kwengqondo nomzimba kubonakala kakhulu.
10. Xa indlela yokuncancisa itshintsha ngexesha lokukhula okukhawulezayo, ndingenza ntoni?
Umntwana wakho anganqikaza ukuncanca okanye afune ukuncanca rhoqo kakhulu. Yiba nomonde, ungamnyanzeli kwaye ukuba kuyimfuneko, thetha nogqirha wakho ukuze nifumane indlela efanelekileyo.
11. Ithatha ixesha elingakanani imijikelo yokukhula okukhawulezayo?
Ngokuqhelekileyo ithatha iintsuku ezimbalwa, ngamanye amaxesha ingathatha iveki okanye ngaphezulu. Ukuba imeko iyanda okanye inzima, kufuneka kufunyanwe uncedo lwezonyango.
12. Ndimele ndithathele ntoni ingqalelo ukuze ndinciphise imijikelo yokukhula okukhawulezayo?
Yondla umntwana wakho ngaphandle koxinzelelo, qinisekisa imeko ekhuselekileyo nekhululekileyo, kwaye unikele ingqalelo kwiimfuno zokulala ezitshintshayo kunye neemfuno zengqondo.
13. Ngaba utshintsho olusingqongileyo luyachaphazela imijikelo yokukhula okukhawulezayo?
Ewe, utshintsho ebomini kunye noxinzelelo lungabangela okanye luchaphazele ixesha lemijikelo yokukhula okukhawulezayo.
14. Zeziphi izinto ezintsha ezinokubonwa kumntwana emva kwemijikelo yokukhula okukhawulezayo?
Kubonakala izakhono ezintsha zomzimba nezentlalo, ukuqonda okwandayo kokusingqongileyo, uphuhliso lolwimi kunye nomnqweno wokuzimela ekuhambeni.
Imithombo
I-World Health Organization (WHO). "Infant and young child feeding: Model Chapter for textbooks for medical students and allied health professionals."
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). "Child Development: Infants (0-1 year)."
American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP). "Caring for Your Baby and Young Child: Birth to Age 5."
Pediatrics (Iphephancwadi elihlohlwayo): "Patterns of growth and development in infants and young children."
HealthyChildren.org, American Academy of Pediatrics.