Ulwazi Lwabo Bonke, Naphi Na

Izizathu Zobuhlungu Bomqala Ziyintoni? Iindlela Zokuthomalalisa kunye Nexesha Lokufuna Uncedo Lwengcali

Ubuhlungu bomqala, ikakhulu kwizifo zokuphefumla ezingaphezulu ezifana nomkhuhlane kunye ne-flu, luhlobo lwesikhalazo esiqhelekileyo. Ngamanye amaxesha, bunokukhokelela kubunzima bokuginya, ukuthetha okanye ukuphefumla. Kwiimeko ezininzi, ubuhlungu bomqala bunokulawulwa ngeendlela ezilula zokuthomalalisa ezinokusetyenziswa ekhaya. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba ubuhlungu buqhubeka ixesha elide, bunzima okanye buphindaphinda, kufanelekile ukuba kuphandwe isizathu esingaphantsi kwaye kufunyanwe unyango lwezonyango.

Yintoni Ubuhlungu Bomqala, Kwaye Buphuma Kwiimeko Ziphi?

Ubuhlungu bomqala; bubonakaliswa kukwanda kobuhlungu xa kuginywa, ukutshisa, ukutshiza okanye ukuluma, kwaye bubangela ukungonwabi emqaleni. Lulunye lweempawu ezixhaphakileyo kwizigulana eziza kwiikliniki. Uninzi lwamaxesha luhlobene nezifo (ikakhulu ezibangelwa yintsholongwane), izinto ezijikeleze umntu, izinto ezibangela ukungezwani komzimba, kunye nokucaphuka komqala.

Ubuhlungu bomqala bunokuchaphazela iindawo ezahlukeneyo zomqala:

• Emva komlomo: Ipharyngitis

• Ukudumba kunye nokubomvu kwi-mandlili: Tonsillitis (ukudumba kwe-mandlili)

• Iingxaki kwi-larynx: Laryngitis

Zeziphi Ezona Zizathu Zixhaphakileyo Zobuhlungu Bomqala?

Ubuhlungu bomqala bunokubangelwa zizizathu ezahlukeneyo. Ezona zixhaphakileyo zezi zilandelayo:

Izifo Ezibangelwa Yintsholongwane: Umkhuhlane, i-flu, COVID-19, mononucleosis, measles, chickenpox, mumps zezona zizathu zixhaphakileyo.

Izifo Ezibangelwa Yibacteria: Iintsholongwane ze-streptococcus (ikakhulu kubantwana); ngamanye amaxesha i-gonorrhea, chlamydia kunye nezinye iintsholongwane ezidluliselwa ngokwabelana ngesondo zinokubangela usulelo emqaleni.

Ukungezwani Komzimba: I-pollen, uthuli, iinwele zezilwanyana, umngundo—zonke ezi zinokubangela impendulo yokuzikhusela komzimba kunye nokuphuma kwe-postnasal drip okubangela ukucaphuka komqala.

Izinto Zokusingqongileyo: Umoya owomileyo, ungcoliseko lomoya, umsi womsi, kunye nezinto ezikrwada zinokubangela ukuba umqala wome kwaye ube buthathaka.

Reflux (Isifo seGastroesophageal Reflux): Ukunyuka kwe-asidi esiswini ukuya emqaleni kunokubonakala ngokutshisa kunye nobuhlungu bomqala.

Umonakalo okanye Ukusebenzisa Ngaphezulu: Ukuthetha ngelizwi eliphezulu, ukusetyenziswa kakhulu kwezwi, okanye ukonzakala emqaleni nako kunokuba sisizathu sobuhlungu bomqala.

Ziziphi Iimpawu Zobuhlungu Bomqala, Kwaye Kubonakala Kubani Ngakumbi?

Ubuhlungu bomqala buhlala bubandakanya:

• Ubuhlungu obunyuka xa kuginywa,

• Ukomile emqaleni, ukutshisa, ukuluma,

• Ukudumba kunye nokubomvu,

• Ngamanye amaxesha ukulahleka kwezwi,

• Kananjalo kunokubonakala kunye neempawu eziqhelekileyo zosulelo ezifana nokukhohlela, ubushushu bomzimba okanye ukudinwa.

Nangona inokubonakala kuye nabani na; abantwana, abo baneenkqubo zokuzikhusela ezibuthathaka, abatshaya okanye abo bahlala kwiindawo ezingcolileyo, bahlala bechaphazeleka ngakumbi.

Zeziphi Iindlela Zokuthomalalisa Ubuhlungu Bomqala Ezinokusetyenziswa Ekhaya?

Kwiimeko ezininzi zobuhlungu bomqala, ezi ndlela zilandelayo zinokunceda ekunciphiseni iimpawu:

• Ukusela amanzi amaninzi kunye nolwelo olufudumeleyo

• Ukugargla ngamanzi anetyuwa (yongeza isiqingatha setispuni yetyuwa kwiglasi yamanzi afudumeleyo)

• Ukusela iti yezityalo ezifudumeleyo (umzekelo, chamomile, sage, ginger, echinacea, marshmallow root)

• Ukulungiselela indibaniselwano yobusi kunye nelamuni (ubusi bunokusetyenziswa bodwa okanye bongezwe kwiti yezityalo)

• Ukusebenzisa isixhobo sokunyibilikisa umoya/ukunyusa ukufuma kwegumbi

• Ukuphumla kwezwi nomqala kangangoko kunokwenzeka, ukuphepha ukuthetha ngelizwi eliphezulu

• Ukuphepha iindawo ezicaphukisayo (kuphephe umsi womsi)

Ezinye izongezelelo zezityalo (ezifana ne-clove, ginger, echinacea) zinokuthomalalisa ubuhlungu bomqala; kodwa abo banezifo ezosulelayo, abakhulelweyo okanye abasebenzisa amayeza rhoqo kufuneka bacebise ugqirha ngaphambi kokuzisebenzisa.

Yintoni Ekufuneka Ikhethwe Ekutyeni?

Ukunciphisa ubuhlungu bomqala;

• Iisuphu ezifudumeleyo, i-yogurt, i-puree, i-pudding kunye nokutya okuthambileyo nokulula ukuginya kuyacetyiswa

• Kuphephe ukutya okunesinongo, okune-asidi, okushushu kakhulu okanye okubandayo kakhulu

• IVinegar ye-apile, ubusi (ukusetyenziswa lodwa okanye ukuxutywa namanzi afudumeleyo) kunokusetyenziswa njengesixhobo sokuxhasa

IGarlic, ngenxa yeempawu zayo zokulwa neebacteria, inokuba luncedo kwezinye iimeko, kodwa abo banezisu ezibuthathaka kufuneka bayisebenzise ngononophelo.

Zeziphi Iindlela Zonyango Zobuhlungu Bomqala?

Unyango luxhomekeke kwisizathu esingaphantsi:

• Ubuhlungu bomqala obubangelwa yintsholongwane buhlala buphiliswa ngokwabo; amayeza okubulala iintsholongwane awancedi

• Kwiimeko zosulelo zebacteria (umzekelo, strep throat), amayeza okubulala iintsholongwane anokubhalwa ngugqirha kwaye ahlala ethatha iintsuku ezi-7-10

• Ukunciphisa ubuhlungu kunye nobushushu bomzimba, amayeza aneeparacetamol okanye ibuprofen anokucetyiswa

• Kubuhlungu bomqala obubangelwa kukungezwani komzimba, amayeza okuchasa ukungezwani anokunceda

• Kubuhlungu bomqala obubangelwa yi-reflux, unyango lokunciphisa i-asidi esiswini kunye notshintsho ekutyeni kunokufuneka

Ezinye Iimpawu Ezihamba Nobuhlungu Bomqala kunye NeeMeKo Ezingafanele Zingahoywa

Ubuhlungu bomqala obuhlala ixesha elide okanye obunzima; ubushushu bomzimba obuphezulu, ubunzima bokuginya/nokuphefumla, ukudumba entanyeni okanye ebusweni, igazi kumphunga, ubuhlungu obukhulu endlebeni, amabala emlonyeni/nemilenze, iintlungu zemalunga okanye ukuvuza okungaqhelekanga komlomo—kufuneka uye kugqirha ngaphandle kokulibazisa.

Ubuhlungu Bomqala Buhlolwa Njani?

Ugqirha uya kuva izikhalazo zakho, ajonge imbali yezonyango kwaye enze uphicotho-mzimba. Ukuba kuyimfuneko, uvavanyo lwe-antigen olukhawulezayo okanye inkcubeko yomqala ingasetyenziswa ukuchonga uhlobo losulelo.

Ubuhlungu Bomqala Kubantwana: Yintoni Ekufuneka Iqwalaselwe?

Ubuhlungu bomqala kubantwana buhlala bubangelwa zizifo kwaye buphola rhoqo ngokuphumla, ukusela ulwelo oluninzi kunye namayeza okufaneleka okubuhlungu. Kodwa, ngenxa yomngcipheko weReye syndrome, akufuneki kunikwe abantwana i-aspirin; soloko ulandela ingcebiso yogqirha wabantwana.

Kuthetha Ntoni Ukuba Ubuhlungu Bomqala Buhlala Ixesha Elide?

Ubuhlungu bomqala obuhlala ngaphezu kweveki enye okanye obuphindaphindayo; bunokunxulunyaniswa nezifo ezosulelayo ezingapheliyo, ukungezwani komzimba, i-reflux, iitumor okanye ezinye izizathu ezinzulu. Kule meko, kufuneka ubonane nengcali yezempilo.

Ubuhlungu Bomqala kunye NeeVaccine

Iivaccine ezilwa ne-flu kunye nezinye izifo ezibangelwa yintsholongwane zisebenza ekuthinteleni ezo zifo kwaye ngokungathanga ngqo zinciphisa umngcipheko wobuhlungu bomqala. Akukho vaccine ekhethekileyo esetyenziswa ngokubanzi kuluntu ukuthintela usulelo lwe-streptococcus, kodwa indlela yokuzikhusela ngokubanzi kukugcina ucoceko kunye nokuphepha iindawo ezixineneyo.

Yintoni Enokwenziwa Ukuthintela Ubuhlungu Bomqala Ebomini Bemihla Ngemihla?

• Qhelisela ukuhlamba izandla, sebenzisa i-disinfectant rhoqo kwiindawo ezixineneyo

• Qwalasela ucoceko lwezinto zakho kunye neendawo ojikeleze kuzo

• Yitya ukutya okulinganiselweyo okomeleza amasosha omzimba kwaye wenze umthambo rhoqo

• Musa ukutshaya, kwaye uphephe umsi womsi

• Ungalibali ukujonga impilo yakho rhoqo

Ubuhlobo Phakathi Kobuhlungu Bomqala kunye Nokukhohlela

Ubuhlungu bomqala kunye nokukhohlela bahlala bevela kunye kwizifo zokuphefumla ezingaphezulu. Ukucaphuka emqaleni kunokubangela isenzo sokukhohlela. Kufuneka ukhumbule ukuba ukhohlo oluhlala ixesha elide okanye olunzima lunokubonisa esinye isizathu esingaphantsi.

Imibuzo Ebiwa Rhoqo Malunga Nobuhlungu Bomqala

1. Ubuhlungu bomqala budlula kwiintsuku ezingaphi?
Uninzi lobuhlungu bomqala luyathomalala kwiintsuku ezi-5-7 ngokunyamekela ekhaya kunye neendlela zokuxhasa. Kodwa ukuba buhlala ngaphezu kweveki enye okanye buba bubi ngakumbi, kufuneka uye kugqirha.

2. Kutheni kubuhlungu xa kuginywa?
Izifo, ukucaphuka, ukungezwani komzimba, i-reflux okanye into engaphandle emqaleni zinokubangela ubuhlungu xa kuginywa. Ukuchonga isizathu kunye nokufumana unyango olufanelekileyo, kufuneka ubonane nengcali

3. Zezipho lomqala, zeziphi izityalo okanye iti eziluncedo?
Ikhamomile, isityalo se-sage, ingca ye-ginger, urhwebo lwe-nettle, i-echinacea, nengcambu ye-marshmallow zinokunceda njengenkxaso. Ngaphambi kokusebenzisa naluphi na unyango lwezityalo, kubalulekile ukufumana ingcebiso kugqirha wezempilo.

4. Kweziphi iimeko kufuneka uye kugqirha xa unesifo somqala?
Ukuba kukho ubunzima obukhulu bokuphefumla, ukuginya, ubushushu obuphezulu, ukuvuvukala ebusweni okanye entanyeni, intlungu enzima, igazi kumphunga, ukulahleka kwesandi, imihlaza engaqhelekanga okanye iimpawu ezihlala ixesha elide (ngaphezulu kweveki e-1), kufuneka uye kugqirha okhethekileyo.

5. Yintoni ekufuneka yenziwe xa umntwana enesifo somqala?
Ubudala bomntwana, imeko yezempilo esisiseko kunye neempawu ezongezelelweyo kufuneka ziqwalaselwe ngugqirha. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukuphumla, ukusela ulwelo kunye nesiyobisi esifanelekileyo sentlungu kuyanele. Ungaze unike i-aspirin ngaphandle kokubonisana nogqirha.

6. Zeziphi izitya neziselo ekufuneka zisetyenziswe xa unesifo somqala?
Kufuneka kukhethwe ukutya okuthambileyo, okushushu okanye okufudumeleyo, okungayi kukrweca umqala (isuphu, iyogathi, ipyure, ubusi, iti yezityalo). Kuyacetyiswa ukuba uphephe ukutya okunesinongo okanye okuneasidi.

7. Isifo somqala esihlala ixesha elide sinokunxulunyaniswa neziziphi izifo?
Usulelo olungapheliyo, i-allergy, isifo se-reflux, i-sinusitis, ngamaxesha ambalwa umhlaza okanye izifo ze-vocal cord zinokubangela intlungu yomqala eqhubekayo.

8. Ngaba isifo somqala luphawu lwe-COVID-19?
Ewe, isifo somqala sesinye seempawu eziqhelekileyo kwi-COVID-19; kodwa le mpawu inokubonakala nakwezinye izifo. Kubalulekile ukubonana nengcali yezempilo xa unokungaqiniseki.

9. Kufuneka uqwalasele ntoni xa isifo somqala sihambisana nokukhohlela?
Rhoqo kunxulunyaniswa nosulelo lweendlela zomoya eziphezulu. Kodwa ukuba ukhohlela ixesha elide, nzima okanye kukho igazi, kufuneka uye kugqirha ngokukhawuleza.

10. Ngaba i-vaccine ye-flu kunye nezinye i-vaccine zinciphisa isifo somqala?
I-vaccine ye-flu kunye nezinye i-vaccine ezichasene nosulelo lwe-virus zinokunciphisa umngcipheko wesifo kunye nokuqhambuka kwesifo somqala esinxulumene naso.

11. Ngaba kuyimfuneko ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi kwisifo somqala?
Kuxhomekeke kwisizathu, amayeza entlungu, ngamanye amaxesha amayeza e-allergy okanye i-antibiotic ngokucetyiswa ngugqirha zinokusetyenziswa. Kwimeko ephakathi okanye elula, amayeza akahlali eyimfuneko.

12. Yintoni iluncedo kwiipastile kunye neespreyi zomqala?
Iipastile zomqala kunye neespreyi zinokunceda ngokuthomalalisa indawo; kodwa aziphilisi isizathu esingundoqo. Zinokusetyenziswa njengenkxaso, kwaye kufuneka ubuze ugqirha malunga nokusetyenziswa okufanelekileyo.

13. Yintoni enokwenziwa xa ukhulelwe unesifo somqala?
Iziselo ezifudumeleyo, ubusi, ukuxukuxa umlomo ngamanzi anetyuwa kunye nokufuma umoya kwigumbi zindlela eziluncedo xa ukhulelwe. Ukuba iimpawu zinzima, qhagamshelana nogqirha wakho.

14. Yintoni unxulumano phakathi kokutshaya kunye nesifo somqala?
Ukutshaya kungakhathaza umqala, kucothise ukuphilisa, kwaye kwandise umngcipheko wezifo. Ukuba kunokwenzeka, kuphephe ukutshaya kunye nomsi wotshwala.

15. Yintoni enokubonisa isifo somqala esikwicala elinye kuphela?
Isifo somqala esikwicala elinye sinokunxulunyaniswa ne-tonsillitis, usulelo lwengingqi, ukwenzakala okanye ngamaxesha ambalwa umhlaza; kule meko, kubalulekile ukuba kugqirha aqwalasele.

Iimithombo

• World Health Organization (WHO) – "Sore Throat" iphepha lolwazi

• U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) – "Sore Throat: Causes & Treatment"

• American Academy of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Foundation (AAO-HNSF) – IziKhokelo zoLwazi lweGqirha

• Mayo Clinic – "Sore Throat" Ulwazi lweGqirha

• British Medical Journal (BMJ) – "Diagnosis and management of sore throat in primary care"

Eli phepha lenzelwe ulwazi kuphela; ngolwazi lwezempilo yakho, qhagamshelana nogqirha wakho.

Yintsholongwane Yomphunga Yintoni? Iimpawu Zayo, Izizathu Zayo, Iindlela Zokufumanisa Zithini?

Yintsholongwane yomphunga ligama elinikiweyo kwiithumba ezimbi (malignant tumors) ezivelayo ngenxa yokwanda okungaqhelekanga kweeseli kumalungu omphunga. Ezi seli ziqala ngokwanda kwindawo ezikuyo zize zenze iqela leeseli (mass). Ngokuhamba kwexesha, xa umhlaza uqhubeka, unokusa kumalungu akufuphi nakwamanye amalungu omzimba akude.

Esi sifo sesinye seentlobo zomhlaza ezixhaphakileyo kwihlabathi liphela kwaye sinokubangela iziphumo ezinzima. Kuba ngokuqhelekileyo asibonisi mpawu kwixesha lokuqala, amaxesha amaninzi sifunyanwa sele sikwinqanaba eliphezulu. Ngenxa yoko, kubalulekile ukuba abantu abakwizingozi ephezulu baye rhoqo kuvavanyo baze bathathe inxaxheba kwiinkqubo zokuhlola.

Ulwazi Ngokubanzi NgeYintsholongwane Yomphunga

Yintsholongwane yomphunga sisifo esivelayo ngenxa yokwanda okungaqhelekanga kweeseli kumphunga. Ezona zinto zixhaphakileyo ezibangela umngcipheko kukusebenzisa ugwayi, ukuhlala ixesha elide kwindawo enongcoliseko lomoya, ukuchasana nezinto ezinobungozi ezifana ne-asbestos kunye negesi ye-radon.

Ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kwegwayi ngakumbi, ezi zinto zomngcipheko zenza ukuba yintsholongwane yomphunga ibe sesona sizathu siphambili sokufa ngenxa yomhlaza kumadoda nakubafazi kumazwe amaninzi. Nangona unyango lunokuphumelela ukuba sifunyenwe kwangoko, amaxesha amaninzi sifunyanwa sele sikwinqanaba eliphezulu, nto leyo enciphisa amathuba onyango oluphumelelayo.

Yintsholongwane Yomphunga Ivela Ngokuqhelekileyo Ngaziphi Iimpawu?

Iimpawu zeyintsholongwane yomphunga zihlala zivelayo kwinqanaba eliphezulu lesifo. Nangona ingabonakali kwixesha lokuqala, ekuhambeni kwexesha ezi zinto zilandelayo zinokubonakala:

• Ukukhohlela okungapheliyo nokuba mandundu ngokuhamba kwexesha

• Igazi kwinkhohlela

• Ukuphazamiseka kwelizwi okungapheliyo

• Ubunzima bokuginya

• Ukuncipha kokutya kunye nokuphulukana nobunzima bomzimba

• Ukudinwa okungachazwanga

Ngenxa yokuba ezi mpawu zinokubonakala nakwezinye izifo zomphunga, kubalulekile ukubonana nengcali xa kukho ukungaqiniseki.

Iimpawu Zeyintsholongwane Yomphunga Ziyahluka Njani Ngokwenqanaba?

Inqanaba 0: Iiseli zomhlaza zikhona kuphela kuluhlu lwangaphakathi lomphunga, zihlala zingabonisi mpawu kwaye zifumaneka ngengozi kuvavanyo oluqhelekileyo.

Inqanaba 1: Ithumba likhoyo kuphela ngaphakathi komphunga, alikasasazeki. Ukukhohlela okuncinane, ukuphelelwa ngumoya okanye intlungu encinane esifubeni kunokubonakala. Kule meko, unyango lokuhlinzwa lunokuphumelela.

Inqanaba 2: Umhlaza unokufikelela kwiingxenye ezinzulu zomphunga okanye kwiindawo ezikufutshane ze lymph nodes. Igazi kwinkhohlela, intlungu esifubeni kunye nokudinwa zixhaphake ngakumbi. Ukongeza ekuhlinzweni, unyango lwe-chemotherapy kunye ne-radiotherapy lunokufuneka.

Inqanaba 3: Isifo sesisasazekile kwiindawo ezingaphandle komphunga nakwi lymph nodes. Ukukhohlela okungapheliyo, intlungu esifubeni ecacileyo, ubunzima bokuginya, ukuncipha kakhulu kobunzima bomzimba kunye nokudinwa okukhulu kunokubonakala. Unyango luhlala ludibanisa iindlela ezininzi.

Inqanaba 4: Umhlaza usasazeke kwamanye amalungu omzimba (umzekelo isibindi, ingqondo okanye amathambo). Ukuphelelwa ngumoya okukhulu, ukudinwa okukhulu, iintlungu zamathambo kunye nentloko, ukungafuni kutya kunye nokuncipha kakhulu kobunzima bomzimba zixhaphake. Kule meko, unyango lujolise kulawulo lweempawu kunye nokuphucula umgangatho wobomi.

Zeziphi Izizathu Ezisisiseko Zeyintsholongwane Yomphunga?

Eyona nto iphambili ebangela umngcipheko kukusebenzisa ugwayi. Nangona kunjalo, abantu abangazange basebenzise ugwayi nabo banokufumana yintsholongwane yomphunga. Ngokubanzi, uninzi lweentlobo zeyintsholongwane yomphunga lufunyenwe lunxulumene nogwayi. Ukuphefumla umsi kwegwayi ngokungathanga ngqo (passive smoking) nako kunyusa kakhulu umngcipheko.

Enye yezinto zomngcipheko kukuchasana ne-asbestos. I-asbestos, eyayisetyenziswa kakhulu ngenxa yokumelana nobushushu nokungonakali, namhlanje ichaphazela ngakumbi abantu abasebenza kwiindawo apho isuswa khona.

Ukongeza, ungcoliseko lomoya, igesi ye-radon, imitha ye-ionizing, izifo zomphunga ezifana ne-KOAH (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) kunye nokufumana esi sifo kusapho nako kunyusa umngcipheko wokufumana yintsholongwane yomphunga.

Zikhona Iindidi Ezahlukeneyo Zeyintsholongwane Yomphunga?

Iintsholongwane zomphunga zahlulwe zibe ngamaqela amabini aphambili ngokweeseli apho ziqala khona:

Umhlaza womphunga oneeseli ezincinci: Umalunga ne-10-15% yamatyala onke. Ukhula ngokukhawuleza kwaye usasazeka kwangoko, kwaye unxulumene kakhulu nogwayi.

Umhlaza womphunga oneeseli ezingezincinci: Umalunga ne-85% yamatyala onke. Eli qela lahlulwe liziindidi ezintathu eziphambili:

• Adenocarcinoma

• Squamous cell carcinoma

• Large cell carcinoma

Nangona impendulo kunye nendlela yokuhamba kwesi sifo ingcono kwiintsholongwane ezingezincinci, inqanaba lesifo kunye nempilo iyonke yomntu zibalulekile.

Izinto Ezibangela Yintsholongwane Yomphunga kunye Nezinto Ezonyusa Umngcipheko

• Ukusebenzisa ugwayi ngokuthe ngqo sesona sizathu siphambili sesifo.

• Nakubantu abangasebenzisi ugwayi, ukuphefumla umsi kwegwayi kunyusa kakhulu umngcipheko.

• Ukuhlala ixesha elide kwindawo enegesi ye-radon, ngakumbi kwizakhiwo ezingavulelekanga kakuhle, kubalulekile.

• I-asbestos inyusa umngcipheko kubantu abasebenza kwiindawo ezichaphazelekayo.

• Ungcoliseko lomoya olukhulu kunye nokuchasana neekhemikhali zoshishino nazo zizinto zomngcipheko.

• Ukuba kukho imbali yesifo kusapho kunokunyusa umngcipheko womntu.

• Ukuba nomhlaza womphunga ongapheliyo (KOAH) okanye izifo ezifanayo nako kunyusa umngcipheko.

Yintsholongwane Yomphunga Ifunyaniswa Njani?

Kusetyenziswa iindlela zale mihla zokujonga ngaphakathi kunye novavanyo lwegazi ekufumaneni yintsholongwane yomphunga. Ngokukodwa, abantu abakwizingozi ephezulu banokucetyiswa ukuba bahlolwe minyaka le besebenzisa i-low-dose computed tomography.

Ukuba kukho iimpawu, i-X-ray yomphunga, i-computed tomography, uvavanyo lwenkhohlela kunye nokuba kuyimfuneko, i-biopsy (ukuthatha isampuli yeseli) zezinye zeendlela eziqhelekileyo zokufumanisa. Emva kokufumana ezi datha, inqanaba, ukusasazeka kunye nodidi lomhlaza kuyachongwa. Emva koko, ucwangciso lonyango olufanelekileyo lwenziwa kumguli.

Yintsholongwane Yomphunga Ithatha Ixesha Elingakanani Ukuphuhliswa?

Kwiintsholongwane zomphunga, kusenokuthatha iminyaka emi-5 ukuya kweli-10 ukusuka ekuqaleni kokwanda okungaqhelekanga kweeseli ukuya ekubonakaleni kweempawu ezicacileyo zesifo. Ngenxa yexesha elide lokuphuhliswa, abantu abaninzi bafunyanwa sele besesigabeni esiphambili sesifo. Ukuhlolwa rhoqo kunye nokufunyanwa kwangoko kubalulekile ngenxa yoku.

Zeziphi Iindlela Zonyango Zikhoyo KwiYintsholongwane Yomphunga?

Indlela yonyango ichongwa ngokohlobo lomhlaza, inqanaba lesifo kunye nempilo iyonke yomguli. Kumanqanaba okuqala, ukususwa kwethumba ngokuhlinzwa kuhlala kunokwenzeka. Kumanqanaba aphezulu, i-chemotherapy, i-radiotherapy, i-immunotherapy okanye indibaniselwano yazo zinokukhethwa. Uhlobo lonyango olusetyenziswayo lucwangciswa liqela leengcali ngokweemfuno zomntu.

Utyando, ngakumbi kumanqanaba okuqala kunye nakwiimeko apho ukusasazeka kungaphaya, luyindlela esebenzayo. Ngokuxhomekeke kubungakanani bethumba kunye nendawo yalo, inxenye yomphunga okanye wonke umphunga ungasuswa. Iindlela zonyango ezisetyenziswa kumanqanaba aphezulu zihlala zijolise ekunciphiseni isantya sokukhula kwesifo kunye nokunciphisa iimpawu.

Ukubaluleka Kokuqwalaselwa Rhoqo Nokufunyanwa Kwangoko

Ukuba yintsholongwane yomphunga ifunyenwe ngovavanyo phambi kokuba iimpawu zibonakale, impumelelo yonyango kunye namathuba okusinda angaphucuka kakhulu. Ngokukodwa, abantu abasebenzisa ugwayi abaneminyaka engama-50 nangaphezulu banokuxhamla kuvavanyo lwonyaka, nto leyo enceda ekufumaneni isifo kwangoko. Ukuba ucinga ukuba ukwizingozi ephezulu, kubalulekile ukubonana nengcali kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba kwinkqubo yokuhlola efanelekileyo.

Imibuzo Ebuziwa Rhoqo (FAQ)

Zeziphi iimpawu zokuqala zeyintsholongwane yomphunga?

Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukukhohlela okungapheliyo, igazi kwinkhohlela, ukuphazamiseka kwelizwi kunye nokuphelelwa ngumoya zezinye zeempawu zokuqala. Ukuba unezi zinto, nceda ubonane nogqirha.

Yintsholongwane yomphunga ifumaneka kuphela kubasebenzisi bogwayi?

Hayi. Nangona ugwayi lusisizathu esiphambili, nabantu abangazange basebenzise ugwayi banokufumana esi sifo. Ukuphefumla umsi kwegwayi, izinto ezifunyanwa kusapho kunye nezinto ezikwi ndalo nazo zinendima.

Akciğer

Kwezinye iintsapho, ukwanda komngcipheko kunokubonakala ngenxa yokufana kwezinto ezifumaneka emzimbeni. Kodwa uninzi lweemeko lunxulunyaniswa nokutshaya kunye nokuchasana nemeko-bume.

Ngaba umhlaza wemiphunga unyangelwa kwangethuba?

Ewe, kumaxesha okuqala, unyango oluchanekileyo lunokubangela ukuphiliswa ngokupheleleyo. Kungenxa yoko le nto ukufunyanwa kwangethuba kusindisa ubomi.

Umgangatho womhlaza usetyenziswa njani?

Ukumiselwa komgangatho kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa iimvavanyo zokujonga kunye, ukuba kuyimfuneko, i-biopsy, ngokuxhomekeke kwinqanaba lokusasazeka komhlaza kunye namalungu achaphazelekayo.

Ngaba ungadideka nezinye izifo?

Ibronchitis engapheliyo, isifo sephepha okanye iintsholongwane zemiphunga zinokubonisa iimpawu ezifanayo. Ukuze kufumaneke isifo ngokuchanekileyo, kufuneka uhlolo oluneenkcukacha.

Ngaba unyango lomhlaza wemiphunga luhlupheka?

Iindlela zonyango zixhomekeke kumgangatho wesifo kunye nempilo yomntu ogulayo. Kubalulekile ukwenza isicwangciso sonyango esilungele umntu ngamnye.

Yintoni enokwenziwa ukukhusela umhlaza wemiphunga?

Ukuphepha ukutshaya kunye neemveliso zetyuwa, ukuthintela umsi ongathathi ntweni, ukuthatha amanyathelo okuzikhusela kwiimisebenzi enobungozi, kunye nokwenza uhlolo lwempilo rhoqo kuyanceda.

Umhlaza wemiphunga uvela kwiminyaka emingaphi?

Uqhele ukubonakala kubantu abadala abangaphezu kweminyaka engama-50, kodwa unokuthi uvele nakweyiphi na iminyaka. Umngcipheko uphezulu ngakumbi kubantu abatshayayo.

Ngaba umgangatho wobomi unokuphuculwa kubantu abaphila nomhlaza wemiphunga?

Ewe, ngenxa yeendlela zonyango zale mihla kunye nonyango oluxhasayo, umgangatho wobomi unokuphuculwa.

Ngubani ocebisiweyo ukuba ahlolwe umhlaza wemiphunga?

Kubantu abatshayayo ixesha elide, abangaphezu kweminyaka engama-50 kunye nabo baneminye imingcipheko, kucebiswa ukuba benze uhlolo rhoqo.

Abantu abasondeleyo kumguli banokunceda njani ngexesha lonyango?

Inkxaso yomzimba kunye nengqondo inefuthe elihle kumgangatho wobomi womguli ngexesha lonyango nangemva kwalo.

Ngaba utyando lomhlaza wemiphunga luyingozi?

Njengazo zonke iindlela zotyando, kukho imingcipheko ethile. Ukuhlolwa ngokweenkcukacha ngaphambi kotyando kunye nokulungiselela okufanelekileyo kunciphisa imingcipheko.

Kuthetha ukuthini ukusetyenziswa "kweziyobisi ezikrelekrele" kunyango?

Kwezinye iintlobo zomhlaza wemiphunga, unyango olujolise ngokukhethekileyo kwi-tumor ("ezikrelekrele") lunokusebenza. Ugqirha wakho unokuhlola olu khetho ngokusekelwe kuvavanyo lwezakhi zofuzo ze-tumor.

Kwenzeka ntoni ukuba umhlaza wemiphunga awunyangwa?

Ukuba awunyanga, umhlaza unokukhula ngokukhawuleza kwaye uphazamise ukusebenza kwamalungu abalulekileyo. Ukufunyanwa kwangethuba kunye nonyango kubalulekile.

Imithombo

• World Health Organization (WHO): Lung Cancer

• American Cancer Society: Lung Cancer

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): Lung Cancer

• European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO): Lung Cancer Guidelines

• National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN): Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology – Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

• Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA): Lung Cancer Screening and Early Detection

Zizathu zeNhliziyo, Izizathu zayo zintoni? Zeziphi Iindlela Zonyango Zanamhlanje?

Isigulo senhliziyo, sisimo esingxamisekileyo esenzeka xa umthambo wenhliziyo usweleka kakhulu kwioksijini kunye nokutya, nto leyo ifuna unyango olukhawulezileyo. Egameni lezonyango ibizwa ngokuba yi-miyokard infarktüsü, ihlala ibangelwa kukuvinjwa ngokukhawuleza kwemithambo egqithisela igazi entliziyweni. Olu vinjwa lwenza xa iiplaki ezenziwe ngamanqatha, ikholesterol kunye nezinye izinto ziqokelela eludongeni lwemithambo, ziqhawuke okanye xa igazi eliqinileyo livale ngokupheleleyo okanye ngokuyinxenye umthambo. Ukufunyanwa kwangethuba kunye nonyango kunokunciphisa umonakalo entliziyweni.

Inkcazo yeZizathu zeNhliziyo kunye Nezizathu Ezisisiseko

Isigulo senhliziyo; sisimo esibonakaliswa kukungakwazi kwenhliziyo ukufumana ioksijini eyaneleyo, nto leyo ekhokelela kumonakalo wesicubu senhliziyo. Le meko ihlala ibangelwa kukuncipha okanye ukuvaleka ngokukhawuleza kwemithambo ye-coronary. Iiplaki eziqokelelwa eludongeni lwemithambo zinokunciphisa umthambo ngokuhamba kwexesha, kwaye xa ziqhawuka, igazi eliqinileyo linokongeza ukuvala igazi eliya entliziyweni. Ukuba olu vinjwa aluvulwanga ngokukhawuleza, umthambo wenhliziyo unokonakaliswa ngokusisigxina kwaye amandla entliziyo okumpompa igazi angancipha, oko kukuthi, kungakhokelela kwisifo senhliziyo. Isigulo senhliziyo sihlala sisesinye sezizathu eziphambili zokufa kwihlabathi lonke. Kumazwe amaninzi, isigulo senhliziyo sibangela ukufa okungaphezulu kakhulu kokubangelwa ziingozi zendlela.

Zeziphi Ezona Mpawu Zixhaphakileyo zeZizathu zeNhliziyo?

Iimpawu zesigulo senhliziyo zingahluka kumntu nomntu kwaye zinokubonakala ngeempawu ezingacacanga. Ezona mpawu zixhaphakileyo zezi:

• Intlungu okanye ukungonwabi esifubeni: Uxinzelelo, ukuxinana, ukutshisa okanye ubunzima embindini wesifuba; ngamanye amaxesha kungasabalala kwicala lasekhohlo, entanyeni, emhlathini, emqolo okanye esiswini.

• Ukuphelelwa ngumoya: Inokuthi iqale kunye nentlungu esifubeni okanye yodwa.

• Ukubila: Ukubila okubandayo nokuxhaphakileyo kuqhelekile.

• Ubuthathaka kunye nokudinwa: Ukudinwa okunyukayo kwiintsuku eziphambi kwesigulo, ngakumbi kubafazi.

• Ukuphathwa yintloko okanye ukuziva ungakhululekanga

• Isicaphucaphu, ukugabha okanye ukunganyamezeli ukutya

• Ukubetha kwentliziyo okungahambelani nomsebenzi okanye okungapheliyo

• Ukukhawuleza okanye ukungaqhelekanga kwebetha yentliziyo

• Intlungu emqolo, emagxeni okanye esiswini esingasentla, ngakumbi kubafazi.

• Ukukhohlela ngaphandle kwesizathu okanye ubunzima bokuphefumla

• Ukudumba ezinyaweni, emilenzeni okanye ezithweni (ngakumbi kumaxesha aphambili) Ezi mpawu ngamanye amaxesha zinokuba zithambileyo, ngamanye amaxesha zinokuba nzima kakhulu. Ingakumbi ukuba intlungu esifubeni kunye nokuphelelwa ngumoya kuhlala imizuzu emininzi okanye kuyaphinda-phinda, kufuneka kufunyanwe uncedo lwezonyango ngokukhawuleza.

Iimpawu zeZizathu zeNhliziyo Kwamaqela Ahlukeneyo

Kubafazi nakubantu abatsha, isigulo senhliziyo sinokuthi siqale ngaphandle kwentlungu yesifuba eqhelekileyo. Kubafazi, ubuthathaka, intlungu emqolo, isicaphucaphu, ukuphazamiseka kokulala kunye noxinzelelo zinokuba zezona mpawu zibalulekileyo. Kubantu abadala okanye abaneswekile, intlungu inokuba ithambile, endaweni yayo kungavela ubuthathaka obukhawulezileyo okanye ukuphelelwa ngumoya njengempawu zokuqala.

Ukungonwabi esifubeni, ukubetha kwentliziyo okungaqhelekanga, ukubila okubandayo kunye nokuvuka ngesiquphe ebusuku nako kunokuba luphawu lwesigulo senhliziyo esenzeka ngexesha lokulala.

Zeziphi Ezona Zinto Zisongela Ukubangela Isigulo seNhliziyo?

Kukho izinto ezininzi ezandisa umngcipheko wokufumana isigulo senhliziyo kwaye ezi zinto zihlala zikhona ngaxeshanye. Ezona zinto zisongela zixhaphakileyo zezi:

• Ukusebenzisa ugwayi kunye neemveliso zikatabako

• Ikholesterol ephezulu (ingakumbi ukunyuka kwe-LDL cholesterol)

• Uxinzelelo lwegazi oluphezulu (hypertension)

• Iswekile (isifo seswekile)

• Ukutyeba kunye nokungasebenzi ngokwasemzimbeni

• Ukutya okungatyiwa kakuhle (ukutya okunamafutha amaninzi, i-trans fat, kunye nokungabi ne-fiber)

• Imbali yesifo senhliziyo kusapho kwixesha elisemva

• Uxinzelelo kunye noxinzelelo lwengqondo olungapheliyo

• Ukuguga (umngcipheko uyanda ngokunyuka kweminyaka)

• Isini sobudoda (kodwa emva kokuphela kokuya exesheni, umngcipheko uyanda nakubafazi) Eminye imiphumo yovavanyo lwelebhu (njenge-C-reactive protein, homocysteine) nayo inokuba luphawu lomngcipheko ophezulu. Kunyango lwangoku, kubantu abatyebileyo, ezinye iindlela zonyango okanye utyando, kunye notshintsho kwindlela yokuphila, zinceda ekunciphiseni umngcipheko.

Ukwenziwa koVavanyo lweZizathu zeNhliziyo

Eyona nto ibalulekileyo ekuqinisekiseni isigulo senhliziyo kukuhlola izikhalazo zomntu kunye nemeko yakhe. Emva koko, kuvavanywa oku kulandelayo:

• Elektrokardiyografi (EKG): Ibonisa utshintsho kwimisebenzi yombane yenhliziyo ngexesha lesigulo.

• Uvavanyo lwegazi: Ingakumbi ukunyuka kwee-enzyme kunye neeprotein ezikhutshwa yintliziyo ezifana ne-troponin kuxhasa uqinisekiso.

• Ekokardiyografi: Ilinganisela amandla entliziyo okuncipha kunye nokuhamba kwayo okungaqhelekanga.

• Kwiimeko ezifunekayo, i-x-ray yomphunga, i-computed tomography okanye i-magnetic resonance imaging zinokusetyenziswa njengovavanyo olongezelelweyo.

• Coronary angiography: Isetyenziselwa ukuqinisekisa ukuvaleka kwemithambo kunye nonyango ngexesha elifanayo. Xa kuyimfuneko, i-balloon angioplasty okanye i-stent zingasetyenziswa ukuvula umthambo.

Izinto Ezingxamisekileyo Ezenziwayo xa Kuvela Izizathu zeNhliziyo

Ixesha libaluleke kakhulu kumntu ofumana iimpawu zesigulo senhliziyo. La manyathelo alandelayo kufuneka alandelwe:

• Khala uncedo lwezonyango olungxamisekileyo (fowunela i-ambulensi okanye i-emergency service)

• Umntu kufuneka ahlale ezolile, anciphise intshukumo yakhe

• Ukuba ukwedwa, shiya ucango luvulekile okanye cela uncedo kwabaseduze

• Ukuba ugqirha wakhe wayemnike imiyalelo, angasebenzisa amayeza anjenge-nitroglycerin yokuthintela

• Linda uncedo lobuchwephesha de kufike iqela lezonyango, kwaye uzame ukuphepha uxinzelelo olungadingekiyo kunye nokoyika Unyango olukhawulezileyo noluchanekileyo ngexesha lesigulo lunciphisa umonakalo entliziyweni kwaye lonyusa amathuba okusinda.

Iindlela Zanamhlanje Zonyango lweZizathu zeNhliziyo

Kwiindlela zonyango zangoku, unyango lwesigulo senhliziyo luhlelwa ngokohlobo lwesigulo, ubunzima baso kunye nezinto zomngcipheko ezikhoyo. Unyango luquka la manyathelo:

• Amayeza avula imithambo kunye namayeza athinisa igazi aqala ngokukhawuleza

• Ukungenelela ngokukhawuleza kwi-coronary (angioplasty, ukufakwa kwe-stent) kuhlala kuyinto ekhethwayo kuqala

• Ukuba kuyimfuneko, utyando lwe-by-pass lungasetyenziswa ukutshintsha imithambo evalekileyo ngemithambo esempilweni

• Emva kokuba umngcipheko wobomi ususwe, utshintsho kwindlela yokuphila, ukusetyenziswa kwamayeza rhoqo kunye nolawulo lwezinto zomngcipheko ziqinisekiswa

• Ukuyeka ukutshaya, ukutya kakuhle, ukwenza umthambo rhoqo, ulawulo loxinzelelo kunye nokulawula iswekile kunye noxinzelelo lwegazi ukuba zikhona, zezona ndlela zisisiseko. Ngexesha lonyango, kubalulekile ukuba abaguli balandele ngononophelo iingcebiso zeengcali ze-cardiology kunye noogqirha bokuhlinza imithambo yenhliziyo, kwaye baye kuvavanyo rhoqo.

Yintoni Enokwenziwa Ukuze Kuthintelwe Isigulo seNhliziyo?

Umngcipheko wesigulo senhliziyo unokuncitshiswa kakhulu kwiimeko ezininzi ngokutshintsha indlela yokuphila:

• Ukuphepha ngokupheleleyo ugwayi kunye neemveliso zikatabako

• Ukutya okune-cholesterol ephantsi, okuneemifuno kunye ne-fiber eninzi, kunye nokunciphisa ukutya okunamafutha amaninzi kunye nokutya okucutshungulweyo

• Ukwenza umthambo rhoqo; kucetyiswa ubuncinane imizuzu eyi-150 yentshukumo yomzimba ephakathi kwiveki

• Ukulawula uxinzelelo lwegazi kunye neswekile; ukuba kuyimfuneko, qhubeka usebenzisa amayeza rhoqo

• Ukuba unamafutha amaninzi okanye ukutyeba, fumana uncedo lobuchwephesha ukufikelela kubunzima obusempilweni

• Funda ulawulo loxinzelelo kwaye usebenzise iinkqubo zenkxaso yengqondo. Ukunyaniseka kwezi manyathelo kunceda ekunciphiseni ukufa okubangelwa zizifo zenhliziyo kwihlabathi lonke.

Imibuzo Ebuza Ngokuphindaphindiweyo

Isigulo senhliziyo siqhelekile kubantu abaneminyaka emingaphi?

Umngcipheko wesigulo senhliziyo uyanda ngokukhula kweminyaka. Kodwa izinto ezifana nezizathu zefuzo, iswekile, sigara ukusetyenziswa kunye neemeko zobomi zinokubangela ukuba kubonakale nakubantu abatsha abadala.

Ngaba kunokwenzeka ukufumana isifo sentliziyo ngaphandle kobuhlungu besifuba?

Ewe. Ingakumbi kubasetyhini, abaguli abaneswekile nabantu abadala, isifo sentliziyo sinokuthi siphuhlise ngaphandle kobuhlungu besifuba. Kufuneka kuqwalaselwe iimpawu ezingaqhelekanga ezifana nokudinwa, ukuswela umoya, isicaphucaphu okanye intlungu emqolo.

Ngaba isifo sentliziyo singenzeka ebusuku okanye ngexesha lokulala?

Ewe, izifo zentliziyo zinokwenzeka ngexesha lokulala okanye kusasa. Abo bavuka ngesiquphe benentlungu esifubeni, ukubetha kwentliziyo okungaqhelekanga okanye ukudideka kufuneka bafune unyango ngokukhawuleza.

Ngaba iimpawu zesifo sentliziyo kubasetyhini zahluke kweyamadoda?

Kubasetyhini, endaweni yobuhlungu besifuba obuqhelekileyo, kunokubonakala ukudinwa, intlungu emqolo nasezantsi, ukuswela umoya, okanye isicaphucaphu.

Zeziphi iimeko ezinokudideka nesifo sentliziyo?

Iingxaki zesisu, uvalo olugqithisileyo, iintlungu zenkqubo yemisipha namathambo, isifo sokubuyela kwe-asidi esiswini kunye nomkhuhlane zinokunika iimpawu ezifanayo nesifo sentliziyo. Xa kukho ukungaqiniseki, kufuneka kuqhutywe uvavanyo lwezonyango.

Ngaba kufuneka kuthathwe i-aspirin ngexesha lesifo sentliziyo?

Ukuba ugqirha wakho uyacebisa kwaye awunayo i-allergies, ukugwinya i-aspirin de kufike uncedo olukhawulezayo kunokuba luncedo kwezinye iimeko. Kodwa kuzo zonke iimeko, uncedo lwezonyango kufuneka lube yeyona nto iphambili.

Ngaba kunokwenzeka ukuphila ngokupheleleyo emva kwesifo sentliziyo?

Uninzi lwabantu abafumana unyango kwangethuba, banokubuyela kubomi obusempilweni ngonyango olufanelekileyo kunye notshintsho kwindlela yokuphila. Kodwa kwezinye iimeko, kunokubakho ilahleko esisigxina yomsebenzi wentliziyo.

Zeziphi izizathu zesifo sentliziyo kubantu abatsha?

Kubantu abatsha, ukutshaya, i-cholesterol ephezulu, ukutyeba, ukungasebenzi, kunye nezinye i-anomalies zemithambo yegazi ezizalwa nazo zinokubangela isifo sentliziyo.

Kufuneka kuqwalaselwe ntoni ekutyeni ukuze kuthintelwe isifo sentliziyo?

Kufanele kukhethwe imifuno, iziqhamo, ingqolowa epheleleyo, intlanzi kunye neoyile ezisempilweni; ukusetyenziswa kweefat ezityebileyo kunye ne-trans fat acids, ityuwa kunye neswekile kufuneka kuncitshiswe.

Ixesha elingakanani emva kwesifo sentliziyo umntu angakwazi ukuqala umthambo?

Inkqubo yomthambo emva kwesifo sentliziyo kufuneka iqale phantsi kolawulo logqirha kunye novavanyo lomngcipheko lomntu.

Umntu ofumene isifo sentliziyo uhlala ixesha elingakanani esibhedlele?

Eli xesha lixhomekeke kubunzima besifo kunye nonyango olwenziweyo. Rhoqo, ukuhlala esibhedlele kuthatha phakathi kweentsuku ezimbalwa ukuya kwiveki enye.

Ndingenza ntoni ukuba kukho imbali yesifo sentliziyo kusapho?

Imbali yosapho yinto ebalulekileyo yomngcipheko. Kufuneka ungatshayi, utye kakuhle, wenze umthambo rhoqo kwaye ukuba kuyimfuneko, wenze uhlolo lwentliziyo rhoqo.

Ngaba uxinzelelo lwengqondo lunokubangela isifo sentliziyo?

Uxinzelelo lwexesha elide lunokunyusa umngcipheko wesifo sentliziyo ngendlela engathanga ngqo. Ukuphepha uxinzelelo kangangoko kunokwenzeka okanye ukusebenzisa iindlela ezisebenzayo zokulawula uxinzelelo kuya kuba luncedo.

Imithombo

• World Health Organization (WHO): Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) Fact Sheet.

• American Heart Association (AHA): Heart Attack Symptoms, Risk, and Recovery.

• European Society of Cardiology (ESC): Guidelines for the management of acute myocardial infarction.

• US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): Heart Disease Facts.

• New England Journal of Medicine, The Lancet, Circulation (Iimagazini zonyango ezihlolwe ngamagqwetha).