Yiziphi Izilonda Eziphezulu Ngokukhanya? Izimbangela Zokwakheka, Izimpawu kanye Nezindlela Zokwelapha

Izilonda ze-hiperintens, ikakhulukazi ebuchosheni nasemgogodleni, zivela ngesikhathi sokuthwebula izithombe zomzimba usebenzisa i-magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ngokuvamile ku-T2 noma ku-FLAIR, zibonakala zikhanya, okusho ukuthi "zi-hiperintens". Lezi zindawo ezikhanyayo zingatholakala phakathi kwezicubu ezimhlophe noma ezimpunga futhi zingabonisa izimo ezahlukene zezempilo ezingaphansi kwazo.

Yiziphi Izimbangela Eziyinhloko Zezilonda Ze-Hiperintens?

Kunezizathu eziningi eziholela ekwakhekeni kwezilonda ze-hiperintens ebuchosheni noma emgogodleni. Ezivame kakhulu zihlanganisa:

• Izifo zemithambo yegazi ezihlala isikhathi eside (izifo ze-vascular)

• Izifo zokulahlekelwa izicubu ezimboza imithambo (isb. i-Multiple Sclerosis)

• Ukulimala kobuchopho ngenxa yokushayeka

• Izifo ezithathelwanayo

Inani lezilonda ezitholakala kulezi zindawo, usayizi wazo kanye nendawo ezitholakala kuyo kudlala indima enkulu ebukhoneni nasekuthuthukiseni isifo. Izici zesilonda; isibonelo, ukuba ziningi, zikhulu noma zisakazeke ezindaweni ezithile zobuchopho, kungaholela ekwandeni kobunzima besifo.

Yiziphi Izinhlobo Ezingafani Zezilonda Ze-Hiperintens?

Izilonda ze-hiperintens zingahlukaniswa ngokuya ngendawo ezitholakala kuyo:

• Izilonda ezizungeze ama-ventricle: Zitholakala ezungeze izimbobo zobuchopho (ama-ventricle) futhi ngokuvamile zihlotshaniswa nezifo zokulahlekelwa izicubu ezimboza imithambo.

• Izilonda ze-hiperintens ezingaphansi kwe-cortex: Zivela ezicubwini ezimhlophe ezingaphansi kwe-cortex; ngokuvamile zihlobene nezifo zemithambo emincane kanye nezinkinga zokugeleza kwegazi.

• Izilonda ze-hiperintens eziseduze kwe-cortex: Zitholakala eduze kwe-cortex yobuchopho futhi zivame ukubonakala ezifweni ezifana ne-Multiple Sclerosis.

• Izilonda ze-hiperintens ezingaphansi kwe-tentorium: Zitholakala ezingxenyeni eziphansi zobuchopho nase-cerebellum, zingahambisana nezifo zokuguga kwezicubu zobuchopho.

• Izilonda ze-hiperintens ezisakazekile: Zisakazeke ezicubwini ezimhlophe zobuchopho, ngokuvamile zitholakala ebantwini asebekhulile noma ngenxa yezifo zemithambo ezihlala isikhathi eside.

• Izilonda ze-hiperintens ezikhawulelwe: Zivela ezindaweni ezincane nezilinganiselwe; ngokuvamile zihlotshaniswa nokulimala, izifo ezithathelwanayo noma izinqubo zomdlavuza.

• Izilonda ze-hiperintens ze-medulla spinalis: Lezi zitholakala emgogodleni, ngokuvamile ngenxa yokulimala, izimo zokuvuvukala noma ukwakheka komdlavuza.

Izilonda Ze-Hiperintens Zingaholela Kuphi Izimpawu?

Izilonda ze-hiperintens zingase zingabangeli uphawu oluthile, kodwa ngokuya ngohlobo lwesizathu esingaphansi kwazo kanye nobubanzi bezilonda, zingaholela ezimpawini ezahlukene ze-neurological. Izimpawu ezingaba khona zihlanganisa:

• Ubuhlungu bekhanda

• Ukungazinzi

• Ukwehla kokusebenza kwengqondo

• Ukuhlaselwa wukushaywa wumoya (seizures)

• Ubuthakathaka kwamandla emisipha

Kodwa-ke, izilonda ze-hiperintens ezitholakala ebantwini asebekhulile zingase zingabonakali isikhathi eside futhi zitholakale ngengozi. Kodwa uma inani lezilonda likhulu noma indawo ezitholakala kuyo inkulu, ingozi yezinkinga ezinzima ze-neurological iyanda.

Izilonda Ze-Hiperintens Ezinhle: Zisho Ukuthini, Zibangela Yiziphi Izikhalo?

Izilonda ze-hiperintens ezinhle, ngokuvamile zenzeka ngenxa yokuguga, umfutho wegazi ophezulu, isifo sikashukela, umkhuhlane we-migraine, noma izifo zemithambo yegazi futhi zitholakala ngengozi ngesikhathi se-MRI. Iningi lazo alibangeli inkinga yezempilo ecacile kumuntu. Kodwa kwezinye izimo ezingavamile, kungavela izinkinga ezincane zokusebenza kwengqondo, ubuhlungu bekhanda noma izikhalo zesikhashana ze-neurological.

Lolu hlobo lwezilonda ngokuvamile luhlala luhle, aluthuthuki futhi alubangeli ingozi enkulu yezempilo. Kodwa uma zikhulu kakhulu noma ziningi kakhulu, kungadingeka ukuhlola ukuthi akekho yini omunye umkhuhlane we-neurological ongaphansi kwazo.

Izilonda Ze-Hiperintens Ezimbi: Izimo Ezidinga Ukuqaphela

Izilonda ze-hiperintens ezimbi, okusho ukuthi ezinomdlavuza; zingaba izakhiwo ezikhula ngokushesha ebuchosheni noma emgogodleni, zisakazeke ezicubwini ezijwayelekile futhi zibe nezici zomdlavuza. Ku-MRI ngokuvamile kubonakala nezimpawu ezifana nokuvuvukala, ukufa kwezicubu noma ukopha. Lezi zinhlobo zezilonda, ngokuya ngendawo ezitholakala kuyo kanye nobukhulu bazo, zingaholela kulezi zimpawu:

• Ubuhlungu bekhanda obukhulu

• Ukuhlaselwa wukushaywa wumoya (seizures)

• Ukulahlekelwa amandla ezinzwa

• Izinkinga zokusebenza kwengqondo

• Izinguquko kumlingiswa

Izilonda ezimbi zibalwa phakathi kwezimo ezinzima zezokwelapha ezidinga ukusizwa ngokushesha futhi zidinga indlela yokwelapha ebanzi.

Kwenziwa Kanjani Ukuhlonza Izilonda Ze-Hiperintens?

Ukuhlonza lezi zilonda kuqala ngokubona izindawo ezikhanyayo ku-MRI, ikakhulukazi ku-T2 nase-FLAIR. Ukuze kutholakale isifo, akugcini nje ngokubuka izithombe; indawo yesilonda, usayizi, inani kanye nezimpawu zomtholampilo kufanele kuhlolwe ndawonye. Uma kudingekile, kungasetshenziswa i-MRI ene-contrast noma ezinye izindlela zokuthwebula izithombe ukuze kuhlukaniswe izifo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umlando wesiguli kanye nokuhlolwa kwe-neurological kunomthelela ekutholeni isifo esiqondile.

Indlela Yokubhekana Nezilonda Ze-Hiperintens: Yiziphi Izinketho Zokwelapha?

Enkambisweni yokwelapha izilonda ze-hiperintens, inhloso enkulu ukuphatha isifo esingaphansi esingadala lezi zilonda. Uhlelo lokwelapha luhlelwa kanje:

• Ezilondeni ezivela emithanjeni yegazi, kubalulekile ukulawula izingozi ezifana nomfutho wegazi ophezulu kanye nesifo sikashukela. Imithi yokwehlisa umfutho wegazi, imithi yokunciphisa igazi kanye nemithi yokulawula ushukela ivame ukunconywa.

• Uma kukhona izifo zokulahlekelwa izicubu ezimboza imithambo (isb. MS), kungakhethwa ama-corticosteroids, imithi yokwehlisa isifo noma imithi elawula amasosha omzimba (immunomodulators) ngokuya ngezidingo zesiguli.

• Izindlela zokwelapha izimpawu kanye nokuvuselela umzimba zisetshenziswa ukukhulisa izinga lempilo lesiguli.

Uhlelo lokwelapha luhlelwa ngokukhethekile kumuntu ngamunye futhi kudinga ukuhlolwa ngudokotela ochwepheshe. Ngesikhathi sokwelashwa, izilonda kufanele zilandelwe njalo nge-MRI.

Ukuhlinzwa Kudingeka Nini Ezilondeni Ze-Hiperintens?

Ezinye izilonda, ikakhulukazi uma zikhula ngokushesha noma zenza inqwaba enkulu, zingadinga ukuhlinzwa. Isidingo sokuhlinzwa sihlolwa ngokucophelela ngokuya ngendawo yesilonda, usayizi, isimo jikelele sesiguli kanye nesithombe se-neurological.

Inhloso ngesikhathi sokuhlinzwa wukususa isilonda ngokuphelele noma ingxenye yaso, kanti ngesikhathi esifanayo kugwenywe ukulimala kwezicubu ezizungezile. Ngemva kokuhlinzwa, isiguli sidinga ukuqashwa ngokucophelela futhi uma kudingeka, kwenziwe ezinye izindlela zokwelapha. Kulezi zimo ezidinga ubuchwepheshe obuphezulu, izingozi kanye nezinzuzo kufanele zixoxwe ngokuningiliziwe nesiguli nomndeni waso.

Ukululama Nokulandela Ngemva Kokwelashwa

Impumelelo yokwelashwa kwezilonda ze-hiperintens incike esimweni jikelele sesiguli, uhlobo lwesilonda kanye nokuphendula ekwelashweni. Ukulandela, kuhlanganisa ukuhlolwa njalo kwezimpawu kanye nemiphumela yezithombe.

Ukuphumula okwanele, ukwelashwa ngokomzimba, i-ergotherapy kanye nokwesekwa ngokwengqondo uma kudingeka kunikeza usizo olubalulekile. Esikhathini eside, ukulawulwa kahle kwezingozi ezifana nomfutho wegazi ophezulu kanye nesifo sikashukela kubalulekile ukuvimbela ukuvela kwezilonda ezintsha nokuvimbela ukuthuthuka kwezikhona.

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa

1. Kuyini isilonda se-hiperintens?

Isilonda se-hiperintens sichaza izindawo eziguqukile ebuchosheni noma emgogodleni ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukene, ezibonakala zikhanya ku-MRI ikakhulukazi ku-T2 noma ku-FLAIR.

2. Ingabe lezi zilonda zihlala zibonisa isifo esinzima?

Cha, iningi lezilonda ze-hiperintens ikakhulukazi kubantu asebekhulile ngokuvamile zinhle futhi zitholakala zingabonakali. Kodwa kwezinye izimo zingabonisa izifo ezinzima, yingakho ukuhlolwa komtholampilo kubalulekile.

3. Ingabe ukuhlonza kungenzeka nge-MRI kuphela?

I-MRI iyindlela eyinhloko yokuthola izilonda ze-hiperintens. Kodwa ukuthola imbangela kudinga ukuhlolwa okwengeziwe (umlando, ukuhlolwa, noma ezinye izivivinyo uma kudingeka).

4. Yiziphi izimpawu ezingavela?

Izimpawu ziyahlukahluka ngokuya ngohlobo kanye nendawo yezilonda. Ubuhlungu bekhanda, ukwehla noma ukulahlekelwa ukusebenza kwengqondo, ukulahlekelwa ibhalansi, ukwehla kwamandla emisipha, ukuhlaselwa wukushaywa wumoya kungavela.

5. Uma inani lezilonda lenyuka, ingabe isifo siba sibi kakhulu?

Kwezinye izimo, izilonda eziningi nezisakazeke kakhulu zingadala ukuba isifo sibe nzima. Kodwa icala ngalinye kufanele lihlolwe ngokukhethekile.

6. Ingabe kudinga ukwelashwa kuzo zonke izilonda ze-hiperintens?

Cha, iningi lezilonda ezinomusa futhi ezenzeka ngephutha zingalandelwa. Kodwa-ke uma kunesimo esinzima esingaphansi, kwenziwa uhlelo lokwelashwa.

7. Ingabe ukuhlinzwa kuvamile?

Ukuhlinzwa kuvame ukukhethwa kumathumba anobungozi noma ezinhlotsheni ezithile zezilonda. Izilonda ezinomusa futhi ezinganazo izimpawu ngokuvamile azidingi ukuhlinzwa.

8. Kunjani isikhathi sokululama ngemuva kokwelashwa?

Isikhathi sokululama singahluka kumuntu nomuntu. Ukwelashwa ngokomzimba kanye nezinguquko kwindlela yokuphila kuthuthukisa inqubo yokululama.

9. Yiziphi izici zobungozi?

Ukuguga, umfutho wegazi ophezulu, isifo sikashukela, izifo zemithambo yegazi kanye nezinye izici zofuzo ziyizici eziyinhloko zobungozi.

10. Ingabe izilonda ezine-hyperintense zingavinjelwa?

Kungase kungabi lula ukuvimbela ngokuphelele; kodwa ukuphathwa kwezici zobungozi (ukulawula umfutho wegazi, ushukela, i-cholesterol, indlela yokuphila enempilo) kunganciphisa ukuthuthuka kwezilonda ezintsha.

11. Kutholakala kanjani ukuthi izilonda ziyingozi noma cha?

Isimo sezokwelapha, izinhlobo zezimpawu, izici zokubona kanye nomlando kuhlolwa ndawonye ukuze kunqunywe ubungozi. Ezimweni ezisolisayo, kufanele kuthintwe udokotela onguchwepheshe.

Imithombo

• Inhlangano Yezempilo Yomhlaba (WHO): Izifo Zobuchopho - Izinselelo Zempilo Yomphakathi

• Imihlahlandlela ye-American Academy of Neurology (AAN): Ukuhumusha i-MRI Ezifo Ze-White Matter

• Imihlahlandlela ye-European Stroke Organisation (ESO): Izimiso Ezimayelana Nesifo Semithambo Emincane Yobuchopho

• National Multiple Sclerosis Society (NMSS): Izinhlobo Zezilonda Nokubaluleka Kwezokwelapha

• Adams and Victor’s Principles of Neurology, Ushicilelo Lweshumi Nanye

• Radiology Society of North America (RSNA): Izici Zokubona Zezilonda Zobuchopho