Ulwazi Lwawo Wonke Umuntu, Noma Kuphi

Yiziphi Izimbangela Zobuhlungu Besitho Somlomo? Izindlela Zokuthokozisa Nokuthi Nini Kufanele Uxhumane Nochwepheshe?

Ubuhlungu besitho somlomo buvame kakhulu ezimeni eziningi zokutheleleka kwemigudu ephezulu yokuphefumula, ikakhulukazi umkhuhlane nomkhuhlane omkhulu. Ngezinye izikhathi bungaba buhlungu kakhulu kuze kube nzima ukugwinya, ukukhuluma noma ukuphefumula. Ezimweni eziningi, ubuhlungu besitho somlomo bungalawulwa ngezindlela ezilula ezithokozisayo ezingasetshenziswa ekhaya. Kodwa-ke, uma buqhubeka isikhathi eside, buba buhlungu kakhulu noma buphindaphinda, kungadingeka ukuhlolwa kwesifo esiyisisekelo kanye nokungenelela kwezokwelapha.

Uyini Ubuhlungu Besitho Somlomo, Futhi Uvela Kanjani?

Ubuhlungu besitho somlomo; isimo esibonakala ngokwanda kobuhlungu lapho ugwinya, ukushisa, ukuluma noma ukuluma okuzwakalayo, okubangela ukungakhululeki esithweni somlomo. Kubalwa phakathi kwezimpawu ezivame kakhulu lapho abantu befuna usizo lwezokwelapha. Imvamisa kuhlotshaniswa nokutheleleka (ikakhulukazi amagciwane), izici zemvelo, izinto ezibangela ukungezwani komzimba kanye nokucasuka kwesitho somlomo.

Ubuhlungu esithweni somlomo bungathinta izindawo ezahlukene:

• Emuva komlomo: Ipharenjithisi

• Ukuvuvukala nokubomvu ezindlebeni zomlomo: Ithonjilayithisi (ukuvuvukala kwezindlala zomlomo)

• Izikhalo esithweni sokuphefumula: Ilarenjithisi

Yiziphi Izimbangela Ezivame Kakhulu Zobuhlungu Besitho Somlomo?

Ubuhlungu besitho somlomo bungadalwa izimbangela ezihlukahlukene. Eziyinhloko zimi kanje:

Ukutheleleka Ngamagciwane: Umkhuhlane, umkhuhlane omkhulu, i-COVID-19, i-mononucleosis, ukutheleleka kwengane, umkhuhlane wamanzi, umkhuhlane wamahlombe nezinye izifo ezidalwa amagciwane kubalwa phakathi kwezimbangela ezivame kakhulu.

Ukutheleleka Ngamabhaktheriya: Amabhaktheriya e-streptococcus (ikakhulukazi ezinganeni); ngezinye izikhathi amabhaktheriya adluliselwa ngokocansi afana ne-gonorrhea, i-chlamydia angadala ukutheleleka esithweni somlomo.

Ukungezwani Komzimba: Impendulo yokuzivikela komzimba ngenxa yezinto ezifana nothuli, impova, izinwele zezilwane, isikhunta kanye nokugeleza kwe-postnasal kungabangela ukucasuka esithweni somlomo.

Izici Zemvelo: Umoya owomile, ukungcola komoya, intuthu kagwayi, amakhemikhali kungabangela ukoma nokuzwela esithweni somlomo.

I-Reflux (Isifo se-Gastroesophageal Reflux): Ukuhamba kwamanzi anomsoco asuka esiswini aya phezulu kungadala ukushisa nobuhlungu esithweni somlomo.

Ukulimala Nokusebenzisa Ngokweqile: Ukukhuluma ngomsindo omkhulu, ukusebenzisa izwi kakhulu, noma ukushaywa esithweni somlomo nakho kungaba yimbangela yobuhlungu besitho somlomo.

Yiziphi Izimpawu Zobuhlungu Besitho Somlomo, Futhi Kubonakala Kubani Kaningi?

Ubuhlungu besitho somlomo imvamisa buhlanganisa:

• Ubuhlungu obwanda lapho ugwinya,

• Ukoma, ukushisa, ukuluma esithweni somlomo,

• Ukuvuvukala nokubomvu,

• Ngezinye izikhathi ukulahlekelwa izwi,

• Futhi kungavela kanye nezimpawu ezijwayelekile zokutheleleka ezifana nokukhwehlela, umkhuhlane noma ukukhathala.

Noma ubani angathinteka; kodwa izingane, abantu abanamasosha omzimba abuthakathaka, abashayi kagwayi noma labo abahlala ezindaweni ezinezingcolile bathinteka kakhulu.

Yiziphi Izindlela Zokuthokozisa Ubuhlungu Besitho Somlomo Ekhaya?

Ezimweni eziningi zobuhlungu besitho somlomo, lezi zindlela ezilandelayo zingasiza ekunciphiseni izimpawu:

• Phuza amanzi amaningi kanye nezinto ezishisayo

• Gargle ngamanzi anosawoti (engeza ingxenye yethisipuni kasawoti engilazini yamanzi afudumele)

• Phuza itiye lezitshalo ezishisayo (njenge-chamomile, sage, ginger, echinacea, marshmallow root)

• Lungisa inhlanganisela yobisi nobhanana (ubisi bungaphuzwa bodwa noma bungezwe etiyeni lezitshalo)

• Sebenzisa umshini wokufutha noma wandise umswakama wegumbi

• Phumisa izwi nesitho somlomo ngangokunokwenzeka, gwema ukukhuluma ngomsindo omkhulu

• Gwema izindawo ezicasulayo (gwema intuthu kagwayi)

Ezinye izithako zemvelo (njenge-clove, ginger, echinacea) zingaba nomphumela wokuthokozisa ubuhlungu besitho somlomo; kodwa abantu abanezifo ezingamahlalakhona, abakhulelwe noma abathatha imithi njalo kufanele baxhumane nodokotela ngaphambi kokuzisebenzisa.

Yini Okufanele Ukhethwe Ekudleni?

Ukuze unciphise ubuhlungu besitho somlomo;

• Kunconywa ukudla okuthambile nokulula ukugwinya njengamasobho afudumele, iyogathi, ipure, noma ubisi olushukela

• Gwema ukudla okunespice, okune-asidi, okushisayo kakhulu noma okubandayo kakhulu

• Uviniga we-apula, nobisi (kuphuza bodwa noma kuxutshwe namanzi afudumele) kungasetshenziswa njengesekelo

Ugalikhi, ngenxa yezakhiwo zawo zemvelo ezilwa namagciwane, ungaba wusizo kwezinye izimo, kodwa abantu abanesisu esibucayi kufanele bawudle ngokucophelela.

Yiziphi Izindlela Zokwelapha Ubuhlungu Besitho Somlomo?

Ukwelashwa kuncike esizathwini esiyisisekelo:

• Ubuhlungu besitho somlomo obudalwa amagciwane imvamisa buyaphela bodwa; ama-antibiotic awasizi

• Ekuthelelekeni kwamabhaktheriya (isb. i-strep throat), ama-antibiotic anconywa udokotela ayadingeka futhi imvamisa kuthatha izinsuku eziyi-7-10

• Ukuze unciphise ubuhlungu nomkhuhlane, ama-analgesic aqukethe i-acetaminophen noma i-ibuprofen anganconywa

• Ekubangelweni ubuhlungu besitho somlomo ngenxa yokungezwani komzimba, ama-antihistamine angasiza

• Ubuhlungu besitho somlomo obubangelwa i-reflux bungadinga ukwelashwa okunciphisa i-acid esiswini kanye nokulungiswa kokudla

Ezinye Izimpawu Ezihambisana Nobuhlungu Besitho Somlomo Nezimo Okufanele Uzinake

Ubuhlungu besitho somlomo obuqhubekayo noma obunzima; umkhuhlane ophezulu, ubunzima bokugwinya/nokuphefumula, ukuvuvukala entanyeni noma ebusweni, igazi emlonyeni, ubuhlungu obukhulu ezindlebeni, izilonda emlonyeni/ezandleni, ubuhlungu emajoyintini noma ukugeleza kolwelo olungajwayelekile kufanele kube yisizathu sokushesha ukubonana nodokotela.

Ubuhlungu Besitho Somlomo Buhlolwa Kanjani?

Udokotela uchwepheshe uzolalela izikhalo zakho, ahlole umlando wakho wezempilo futhi enze ukuhlolwa komzimba. Uma kudingeka, angasebenzisa izivivinyo ezisheshayo zama-antigen noma isiko lesitho somlomo ukuze kutholakale uhlobo lokutheleleka.

Ubuhlungu Besitho Somlomo Ezinganeni: Yini Okufanele Iqaphelwe?

Nasenganeni, ubuhlungu besitho somlomo imvamisa budalwa ukutheleleka futhi imvamisa buyathokoziswa ngokuphumula, ukuphuza amanzi amaningi kanye nokusebenzisa i-analgesic efanele. Kodwa-ke, akufanele unikeze izingane i-aspirin (ngenxa yengozi ye-Reye syndrome), ngakho-ke kufanele njalo uthintane nodokotela wezingane.

Kusho Ukuthini Uma Ubuhlungu Besitho Somlomo Buqhubeka Isikhathi Eside?

Ubuhlungu besitho somlomo obuqhubeka isikhathi esingaphezu kwesonto noma obuphindaphinda; bungase buhlotshaniswe nokutheleleka okungamahlalakhona, ukungezwani komzimba, i-reflux, umdlavuza noma ezinye izimbangela ezinzima. Kulezi zimo, kubalulekile ukubonana nochwepheshe bezempilo.

Ubuhlungu Besitho Somlomo NamaVaccine

Imigomo eyenziwe ukuvikela umkhuhlane nomkhuhlane omkhulu ingasiza ekuvimbeleni lezi zifo futhi ngaleyo ndlela inciphise ingozi yobuhlungu besitho somlomo. Ayikho i-vaccine ekhethekile esetshenziswa kabanzi emphakathini ukuvikela ukutheleleka kwe-streptococcus, kodwa indlela ejwayelekile yokuvikela ukuhlanzeka okuhle nokugwema izindawo ezixakekile.

Yini Engenziwa Nsuku Zonke Ukuvimbela Ubuhlungu Besitho Somlomo?

• Yakha umkhuba wokugeza izandla, sebenzisa i-sanitizer njalo ezindaweni ezixakekile

• Qaphela ukuhlanzeka kwezinto zomuntu siqu nezindawo ezisetshenziswa njalo

• Yidla ukudla okunempilo okwandisa amasosha omzimba futhi wenze umzimba njalo

• Ungabhemi, gwema intuthu kagwayi

• Ungakhohlwa ukuhlolwa kwezempilo okuvamile

Ubudlelwano Phakathi Kobuhlungu Besitho Somlomo Nokukhwehlela

Ubuhlungu besitho somlomo nokukhwehlela kuvame ukuvela ndawonye ezimeni eziningi zokutheleleka kwemigudu ephezulu yokuphefumula. Ukucasuka esithweni somlomo kungavusa ukukhwehlela. Kufanele ukhumbule ukuthi ukukhwehlela okuqhubekayo noma okunzima kungase kube uphawu lwesinye isizathu esiyisisekelo.

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa Ngobuhlungu Besitho Somlomo

1. Ubuhlungu besitho somlomo budlula zingaki izinsuku?
Ubuhlungu besitho somlomo obuningi buncipha phakathi kwezinsuku ezi-5-7 ngokunakekelwa ekhaya nezindlela ezisekelayo. Kodwa-ke, uma buqhubeka isikhathi esingaphezu kwesonto noma buba bubi, kufanele uthintane nodokotela.

2. Kungani ubuhlungu besitho somlomo buvela lapho ugwinya?
Izinto ezifana nokutheleleka, ukucasuka, ukungezwani komzimba, i-reflux noma into engaphandle esithweni somlomo zingabangela ubuhlungu lapho ugwinya. Ukuze kutholakale imbangela nokwelashwa okufanele, kubalulekile ukubonana nochwepheshe.nerilir.

3. Yiziphi izitshalo noma itiye elingasiza ebuhlungwini bamakhala?
I-Chamomile, i-sage, i-ginger, i-nettle, i-echinacea, kanye nempande ye-marshmallow zingaba usizo oluxhasayo. Ngaphambi kokusebenzisa noma yiziphi izixazululo zezitshalo, kubalulekile ukuthintana nochwepheshe bezempilo.

4. Yiziphi izimo okufanele uye kudokotela uma unephimbo elibuhlungu?
Uma kunzima ukuphefumula, ukugwinya, izinga lokushisa eliphezulu, ukuvuvukala ebusweni noma entanyeni, ubuhlungu obukhulu, igazi emlonyeni, ukulahlekelwa izwi, izilonda ezingajwayelekile noma izimpawu eziqhubekayo (ngaphezu kwesonto elilodwa), kufanele uthintane nochwepheshe wezokwelapha.

5. Kwenzeni uma ingane inobuhlungu bamakhala?
Ukuhlolwa kodokotela kubalulekile ngokuya ngeminyaka yengane, isimo sayo sezempilo esingaphansi kanye nezinye izimpawu. Imvamisa ukuphumula, ukuphuza uketshezi kanye nokusebenzisa umuthi wokunciphisa ubuhlungu okwanele. Ungalokothi unike i-aspirin ngaphandle kokubonisana nodokotela.

6. Yiziphi iziphuzo nokudla okufanele kudliwe uma kunephimbo elibuhlungu?
Kufanele kukhethwe ukudla okuthambile, okufudumele noma okushisayo, okungacasuli iphimbo (isobho, iyogathi, ipyure, uju, itiye lezitshalo). Kunconywa ukugwema ukudla okunespice nokunokhahlo.

7. Ukubuhlungu bamakhala obude kungase kube kuphumelelene nezifo ezinjani?
Ukutheleleka okuqhubekayo, ukungezwani komzimba, isifo se-reflux, i-sinusitis, ngezinye izikhathi umdlavuza noma izifo zamathambo ezwi kungaholela ebuhlungwini bamakhala obude.

8. Ingabe ubuhlungu bamakhala buyisibonakaliso se-COVID-19?
Yebo, ubuhlungu bamakhala buvame kakhulu ku-COVID-19; kodwa lesi sifo singavela nakwezinye izifo. Kubalulekile ukubonana nochwepheshe bezempilo uma unokungabaza.

9. Kufanele unake ini uma ubuhlungu bamakhala buhambisana nokukhwehlela?
Imvamisa buhlobene nokutheleleka komoya okuphezulu. Kodwa uma ukukhwehlela kuqhubeka isikhathi eside, kunzima noma kukhona igazi, kufanele uye kudokotela ngokushesha.

10. Ingabe umgomo we-flu noma eminye imijovo yehlisa ubuhlungu bamakhala?
Imijovo ye-flu kanye neminye imijovo yokulwa nezifo ezithathelwanayo inganciphisa ingozi yokugula kanye nokuvela kobuhlungu bamakhala okuhambisana nayo.

11. Ingabe kudingeka imithi ebuhlungwini bamakhala?
Ngokwesizathu, kungasetshenziswa imithi yokunciphisa ubuhlungu, ngezinye izikhathi imithi yokulwa nokungezwani noma ama-antibiotic ngokwelulekwa ngudokotela. Ezimweni eziphakathi nendawo noma ezilula, imithi imvamisa ayidingeki.

12. Yini inzuzo yamaphastile nama-spray ebuhlungwini bamakhala?
Amaphastile kanye nama-spray anganikeza induduzo endaweni; kodwa awelaphe isizathu esiyinhloko. Angasetshenziswa njengesekelo, kodwa kufanele kubuzwe udokotela mayelana nokusetshenziswa okufanele.

13. Kwenzeni uma ukhulelwe unephimbo elibuhlungu?
Iziphuzo ezifudumele, uju, ukugeza umlomo ngamanzi anosawoti kanye nokufaka umswakama emoyeni kungasiza ukukhululeka ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa. Uma izimpawu ziba zimbi, qiniseka ukuthi uthintana nodokotela.

14. Yini ubudlelwano phakathi kukagwayi nobuhlungu bamakhala?
Ukusebenzisa ugwayi kungacasula iphimbo futhi kuholele ekulimaleni okuqhubekayo, kwandise amathuba okutheleleka. Uma kungenzeka, gwema ugwayi nomusi wawo.

15. Ubuhlungu bamakhala obuseceleni bungakhombisa ini?
Ubuhlungu bamakhala obuseceleni bungahambisana nesifo samamandla, ukutheleleka kwendawo, ukulimala noma ngezinye izikhathi umdlavuza; ngakho ukuhlolwa kodokotela kubalulekile.

Imithombo

• Inhlangano Yezempilo Yomhlaba (WHO) – "Sore Throat" ikhasi lolwazi

• U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) – "Sore Throat: Causes & Treatment"

• I-American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Foundation (AAO-HNSF) – Imihlahlandlela Yokuqwashisa Isiguli

• Mayo Clinic – "Sore Throat" Ulwazi Lwesiguli

• British Medical Journal (BMJ) – "Diagnosis and management of sore throat in primary care"

Leli khasi lenzelwe ulwazi kuphela; qiniseka ukuthi uthintana nodokotela wakho ngezinkinga zakho zezempilo siqu.

Kuyingo Yomdlavuzi Wemaphaphu Kuyini? Izimpawu Zawo, Izimbangela, Nezindlela Zokuthola Ziyini?

Umdlavuzi wamaphaphu uyigama elinikezwa izimila ezimbi ezithuthukayo ngenxa yokwanda okungaphephile kwezicubu zamaphaphu. Lezi zicubu ziqala ngokwanda endaweni ezitholakala kuyo zakhe inqwaba. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, njengoba umdlavuzi uqhubeka, ungandlulela ezicutshini ezizungezile nasemazweni akude.

Lesi sifo singesinye sezinhlobo zomdlavuzi ezivame kakhulu emhlabeni futhi esingaholela emiphumeleni emibi. Njengoba ngokuvamile singaniki zimpawu esigabeni sokuqala, imvamisa sitholakala sesisesigabeni esithuthukile. Ngenxa yalokho, kubalulekile ukuthi abantu abasengozini enkulu bahlolelwe njalo futhi babambe iqhaza ezinhlelweni zokuhlola.

Ulwazi Olujwayelekile NgeMdlavuzi Wemaphaphu

Umdlavuzi wamaphaphu uyisifo esivela ngenxa yokwanda okungajwayelekile kwezicubu zamaphaphu. Izinto eziyingozi ezivame kakhulu zifaka phakathi ukusebenzisa ugwayi, ukuvezwa isikhathi eside ekungcoleni komoya, i-asbestos kanye negesi ye-radon.

Ngenxa yokwanda kwezinto eziyingozi, ikakhulukazi ugwayi, umdlavuzi wamaphaphu ungomunye wezimbangela ezinkulu zokufa okubangelwa umdlavuzi kwabesilisa nabesifazane emazweni amaningi. Nakuba umdlavuzi wamaphaphu otholakala esigabeni sokuqala ungaphathwa, imvamisa utholakala ususesigabeni esithuthukile, okwenza izindlela zokwelapha nempumelelo zibe nemingcele.

Yiziphi Izimpawu Ezivame Ukuvela NgeMdlavuzi Wemaphaphu?

Izimpawu zomdlavuzi wamaphaphu ngokuvamile ziqala ukubonakala esigabeni esithuthukile sesifo. Nakuba esigabeni sokuqala kungase kube nezimpawu ezincane, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi lezi zinkinga zingavela:

• Ukukhwehlela okuqhubekayo nokwanda ngokuhamba kwesikhathi

• Igazi kumphimbo

• Ukuphazamiseka kwezwi okuqhubekayo

• Ubunzima bokugwinya

• Ukwehla kwesifiso sokudla nokulahlekelwa isisindo

• Ukukhathala okungenasizathu

Lezi zimpawu zingavela nakwezinye izifo zamaphaphu, ngakho uma kukhona ukungabaza kufanele uthintane nochwepheshe.

Izimpawu Zomdlavuzi Wemaphaphu Ngokwezinga Lesigaba

Isigaba 0: Izicubu zomdlavuzi zikhawulelwe kuphela esigabeni sangaphakathi samaphaphu, ngokuvamile azinazo izimpawu futhi zitholakala ngephutha ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa okuvamile.

Isigaba 1: Umhlaza usakhawulelwe ngaphakathi kwamaphaphu kuphela, awukandluleli. Kungase kube khona ukukhwehlela okuncane, ukuphelelwa umoya noma ubuhlungu obuncane esifubeni. Kulesi sigaba, imiphumela emihle ingatholakala ngokuhlinzwa.

Isigaba 2: Umhlaza ungase ufinyelele ezicutshini ezijulile zamaphaphu noma ezindaweni eziseduze zama-lymph node. Igazi kumphimbo, ubuhlungu esifubeni kanye nokukhathala kuvame kakhulu. Ngaphandle kokuhlinzwa, kungase kudingeke ukwelashwa nge-chemotherapy noma i-radiotherapy.

Isigaba 3: Isifo sesisakazeke ngaphandle kwamaphaphu nasema-lymph node. Ukukhwehlela okuqhubekayo, ubuhlungu obukhulu esifubeni, ubunzima bokugwinya, ukulahlekelwa isisindo okukhulu kanye nokukhathala okukhulu kungavela. Ukwelashwa kuvame ukufaka izindlela eziningana ndawonye.

Isigaba 4: Umhlaza ususabalale kwamanye amalunga omzimba (isb. isibindi, ubuchopho noma amathambo). Ukuphelelwa umoya okukhulu, ukukhathala okukhulu, ubuhlungu bamathambo nobuhlungu bekhanda, ukungabi nesifiso sokudla kanye nokulahlekelwa isisindo okukhulu kuyajwayeleka. Kulesi sigaba, ukwelashwa kugxile ekulawuleni izimpawu nasekuthuthukiseni ikhwalithi yokuphila.

Izimbangela Eziyinhloko Zomdlavuzi Wemaphaphu Ziyini?

Isici esiyingozi kakhulu ukusebenzisa ugwayi. Kodwa-ke, umdlavuzi wamaphaphu ungavela nakubantu abangakaze basebenzise ugwayi. Ngokujwayelekile, iningi elikhulu lalezi zinhlobo zomdlavuzi lihlobene nogwayi. Ukuphefumula intuthu kagwayi ngokungaqondile nakho kwandisa kakhulu ingozi.

Enye yezinto eziyingozi wukuvezwa kwi-asbestos. I-asbestos, eyayisetshenziswa kakhulu ngenxa yokumelana kwayo nokushisa nokuguga, namuhla ukuvezwa kwayo kuvame ukwenzeka ezindaweni zomsebenzi, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokususwa kwayo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukungcola komoya, igesi ye-radon, imisebe ye-ionizing, izifo zamaphaphu ezifana ne-KOAH (isifo esingapheli samaphaphu) kanye nokuzalwa nomlando womndeni nakho kwandisa ingozi yokuthola umdlavuzi wamaphaphu.

Ingabe Kukhona Izinhlobo Ezingafani Zomdlavuzi Wemaphaphu?

Imidlavuzi yamaphaphu ihlukaniswa yaba amaqembu amabili amakhulu ngokuya ngohlobo lwezicubu lapho iqala khona:

Umdlavuzi wamaphaphu onezicubu ezincane: Uhlanganisa cishe u-10-15% wazo zonke izigameko. Ubonakala ngokukhula okusheshayo nokusabalala kusenesikhathi, futhi uvame ukuhlobana nogwayi.

Umdlavuzi wamaphaphu ongeyona yezicubu ezincane: Uhlanganisa iningi elikhulu (cishe u-85%) lemidlavuzi yamaphaphu. Leli qembu lihlukaniswa laba izinhlobo ezintathu ezivame kakhulu:

• Adenocarcinoma

• Squamous cell carcinoma

• Large cell carcinoma

Yize imidlavuzi yamaphaphu engeyona yezicubu ezincane ivame ukuphendula kangcono ekwelashweni, isigaba sesifo kanye nesimo jikelele sempilo kubalulekile.

Izinto Ezibangela Umdlavuzi Wemaphaphu Nezici Zengozi

• Ukusebenzisa ugwayi kuyisici esikhulu esibangela lesi sifo.

• Nakubantu abangasebenzisi ugwayi, ukuphefumula intuthu kagwayi kwandisa kakhulu ingozi.

• Ukuvezwa isikhathi eside kwigesi ye-radon, ikakhulukazi ezakhiweni ezingaphephile, kubalulekile.

• I-asbestos yandisa ingozi kulabo abasebenza ezindaweni ezinezinga eliphezulu lale nto.

• Ukuchayeka okukhulu ekungcoleni komoya nasezibhebheni zamakhemikhali nakho kuyizici zengozi.

• Ukuba nomlando womdlavuzi wamaphaphu emndenini kungandisa ingozi yomuntu siqu.

• Ukuba ne-KOAH noma ezinye izifo zamaphaphu ezingapheli nakho kwandisa ingozi.

Kutholakala Kanjani Umdlavuzi Wemaphaphu?

Izindlela zesimanje zokuthwebula izithombe kanye nezivivinyo zocwaningo ziyasetshenziswa ekutholeni umdlavuzi wamaphaphu. Ikakhulukazi kubantu abasengozini, ukuhlolwa konyaka kwe-low-dose CT scan kunganconywa.

Uma kunezimpawu, i-X-ray yamaphaphu, i-CT scan, ukuhlolwa komphimbo kanye, uma kudingeka, i-biopsy (ukuthatha isampula yezicubu) kuyizindlela ezijwayelekile zokuthola. Ngemva kokuthola le datha, isigaba, ukusabalala kanye nohlobo lomdlavuzi kuyahlonzwa. Ngemuva kwalokho, indlela yokwelapha efanele kakhulu ihlelwa ngomuntu ngamunye.

Kuthatha Isikhathi Esingakanani Ukuthuthuka Komdlavuzi Wemaphaphu?

Kumdlavuzi wamaphaphu, kusukela ukuqala kokwanda okungajwayelekile kwezicubu kuya ekubonakaleni kwezimpawu kungathatha iminyaka engu-5–10. Ngenxa yale nkathi ende yokuthuthuka, abantu abaningi bathola lesi sifo sesisesigabeni esithuthukile. Ukuhlolwa njalo nokuhlolwa kusenesikhathi kubalulekile ngenxa yalokho.

Yiziphi Izinketho Zokwelapha Umdlavuzi Wemaphaphu?

Indlela yokwelapha inqunywa uhlobo lomdlavuzi, isigaba sawo kanye nesimo jikelele sempilo yomuntu. Ezingeni lokuqala, ukuhlinzwa ukuze kukhishwe umdlavuzi kuvame ukuba yindlela ephumelelayo. Ezingeni elithuthukile, i-chemotherapy, i-radiotherapy, i-immunotherapy noma inhlanganisela yazo kungasetshenziswa. Uhlobo lokwelashwa oluzosetshenziswa luhlelelwa umuntu ngamunye yithimba elihlukahlukene lochwepheshe.

Ukuhlinzwa, ikakhulukazi ezingeni lokuqala noma lapho ukusabalala kungakabi kukhulu, kuyindlela ephumelelayo. Ingxenye yamaphaphu noma wonke amaphaphu ingasuswa kuye ngobukhulu nokuma komdlavuzi. Ukwelashwa okwenziwa ezingeni elithuthukile kuvame ukuhlose ukwehlisa ijubane lokuthuthuka kwesifo kanye nokunciphisa izimpawu.

Ukubaluleka Kokuhlolwa Okuvamile Nokutholwa Kusenesikhathi

Uma umdlavuzi wamaphaphu utholakala ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa ngaphambi kokuba kuvele izimpawu, impumelelo yokwelapha kanye namazinga okuphila kungakhuphuka kakhulu. Ikakhulukazi kubantu abasebenzisa ugwayi abaneminyaka engaphezu kwengu-50, ukuhlolwa konyaka kungasiza ekutholeni isifo kusenesikhathi. Uma ucabanga ukuthi usengozini, kubalulekile ukubonana nochwepheshe futhi ube yingxenye yohlelo lokuhlola olufanele.

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa (FAQ)

Yiziphi izimpawu zokuqala zomdlavuzi wamaphaphu?

Imvamisa ukukhwehlela okuqhubekayo, igazi kumphimbo, ukuphazamiseka kwezwi kanye nokuphelelwa umoya kuyizimpawu zokuqala. Uma unezinkinga ezinjalo, xhumana nodokotela.

Ingabe umdlavuzi wamaphaphu utholakala kuphela kulabo abasebenzisa ugwayi?

Cha. Nakuba ugwayi uyingozi enkulu, lesi sifo singavela nakubantu abangakaze basebenzise ugwayi. Ukuphefumula intuthu kagwayi, izici zofuzo nezemvelo nakho kudlala indima.

Akciğer ingabe yomndeni ingaba nomthelela ekutheni umuntu athole umdlavuza?

Kwezinye imindeni, ubungozi bungakhula ngenxa yokuthambekela kofuzo. Kodwa iningi lamacala lihlobene nokubhema kanye nokuchayeka kwezemvelo.

Ingabe umdlavuza wamaphaphu ungelashwa esigabeni sokuqala?

Yebo, ezingeni lokuqala, ukwelashwa okufanele kungaholela ekuphulukeni ngokuphelele. Yingakho ukutholakala kusenesikhathi kusindisa izimpilo.

Isigaba somdlavuza sitholakala kanjani?

Ukuhlukaniswa kwesigaba kwenziwa ngokuhlolwa kwezithombe kanye, uma kudingeka, nange-biopsy, kuye ngokuthi umdlavuza usabalale kangakanani futhi yiziphi izitho ezithintekile.

Yiziphi ezinye izifo ezingadidaniswa nomdlavuza wamaphaphu?

I-bronchitis engapheli, umkhuhlane wamaphaphu noma izifo zokutheleleka kwamaphaphu zingabonisa izimpawu ezifanayo. Ukuze kutholakale imbangela eqondile kudingeka ukuhlolwa okuphelele.

Ingabe ukwelashwa komdlavuza wamaphaphu kunzima?

Izinketho zokwelapha ziya ngokuthi isifo sisesigabeni sini kanye nesimo sempilo yesiguli. Kubalulekile ukwenza uhlelo lokwelapha oluqondene nesiguli ngasinye.

Kungenziwa ini ukuvimbela umdlavuza wamaphaphu?

Ukugwema ukubhema notshwala, ukuvikela abanye ekuchayekeni entuthwini, ukuthatha izinyathelo zokuzivikela emisebenzini enobungozi, nokuhlolwa kwezempilo njalo kuyasiza.

Umdlavuza wamaphaphu uvame ukubonakala eminyakeni emingaki?

Ngokuvamile utholakala kubantu abadala abaneminyaka engaphezu kwengu-50, kodwa ungavela kunoma yimuphi umuntu. Ikakhulukazi kubantu ababhaka, ubungozi bukhulu.

Ingabe ikhwalithi yokuphila ingathuthukiswa kubantu abaphila nomdlavuza wamaphaphu?

Yebo, ngenxa yezindlela zokwelapha zanamuhla kanye nokunakekelwa okusekelayo, ikhwalithi yokuphila ingathuthukiswa.

Ubani okumele ahlolelwe umdlavuza wamaphaphu?

Ikakhulukazi abantu abake babhema isikhathi eside, abaneminyaka engaphezu kwengu-50 kanye nalabo abanobungozi obengeziwe, bayelulekwa ukuba bahlolelwe njalo.

Abaseduze nesiguli bangamsiza kanjani ngesikhathi sokwelashwa?

Ukusekelwa ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo kuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yokuphila yesiguli ngesikhathi nangemva kokwelashwa.

Ingabe ukuhlinzwa komdlavuza wamaphaphu kuyingozi?

Kukhona izingozi ezithile njengazo zonke izinqubo zokuhlinza. Ukuhlolwa okuphelele ngaphambi kokuhlinzwa nokulungiselela kahle kunciphisa lezo zingozi.

Kusho ukuthini ukusetshenziswa "kwemithi ehlakaniphile" ekwelashweni?

Kwezinye izinhlobo zomdlavuza wamaphaphu, ukwelashwa okuqondiswe ngqo kumaseli omdlavuza (“imithi ehlakaniphile”) kungasetshenziswa. Udokotela wakho angahlola le nketho ngokuhlaziywa kofuzo lwethumba.

Kwenzekani uma umdlavuza wamaphaphu ungaphathwa?

Uma ungaphathwa, umdlavuza ungashesha usabalale futhi ulime imisebenzi yezitho ezibalulekile. Ukuhlolwa nokwelashwa kusenesikhathi kubalulekile.

Imithombo

• Inhlangano Yezempilo Yomhlaba (WHO): Lung Cancer

• Inhlangano Yomdlavuza yaseMelika (American Cancer Society): Lung Cancer

• Izikhungo Zokulawula Nokuvimbela Izifo zaseMelika (CDC): Lung Cancer

• Inhlangano Yezokwelapha Yomdlavuza YaseYurophu (ESMO): Lung Cancer Guidelines

• National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN): Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology – Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

• Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA): Lung Cancer Screening and Early Detection

Yiziphi Izimpawu Zokuhlaselwa Yisifo Senhliziyo, Izimbangela Zakhona? Yiziphi Izindlela Zokwelapha Zanamuhla?

Ukuhlaselwa yisifo senhliziyo kuyisimo esiphuthumayo esenzeka ngenxa yokuntuleka komoya-mpilo kanye nokudla okudingwa yithambo lenhliziyo. Ngokwesiwasho sezokwelapha, i-myocardial infarction, ngokuvamile kwenzeka ngenxa yokuvinjelwa okungazelelwe emithanjeni egcwalisa inhliziyo igazi. Lokhu kuvinjelwa kubangelwa ukuqhuma kwamathambo (plaque) akhiwa uwoyela, i-cholesterol nezinye izinto odongeni lwemithambo, noma ngenxa yokwakheka kwegazi elivimbela igazi ukuthi lidlule ngokuphelele noma ngokwengxenye. Ukutholakala kwalesi simo kusenesikhathi kanye nokwelashwa kwaso kunganciphisa umonakalo enhliziyweni.

Incazelo Yesifo Senhliziyo Nezimbangela Eziyinhloko

Ukuhlaselwa yisifo senhliziyo kubonakala ngokulimala kwethambo lenhliziyo ngenxa yokungatholakali komoya-mpilo owanele. Lokhu kuvame ukubangelwa ukuncipha noma ukuvinjelwa okungazelelwe kwemithambo ye-coronary. Amathambo aqoqeka odongeni lwemithambo anganciphisa umthambo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, futhi uma eqhuma, igazi eliqinile lingavimba ukugeleza kwegazi enhliziyweni ngokuzumayo. Uma le nkinga ingaxazululwa ngokushesha, ithambo lenhliziyo lingalimala ngendlela engasaphenduki futhi amandla enhliziyo okumpompa angancipha, okusho ukwehluleka kwenhliziyo. Ukuhlaselwa yisifo senhliziyo kuseyimbangela ehamba phambili yokufa emhlabeni jikelele. Emazweni amaningi, ukufa okubangelwa ukuhlaselwa yisifo senhliziyo kudlula kakhulu okudalwa izingozi zomgwaqo.

Yiziphi Izimpawu Ezivame Ukuvela Uma Kuqhamuka Isifo Senhliziyo?

Izimpawu zokuhlaselwa yisifo senhliziyo zingahluka kumuntu nomuntu futhi zingavela ngezimpawu ezingacacile. Izimpawu ezivame kakhulu yilezi:

• Ubuhlungu noma ukungakhululeki esifubeni: Ukuzwa ingcindezi, ukuvaleka, ukushisa noma isisindo phakathi nesifuba; kwesinye isikhathi kungasabalala emlenzeni wesobunxele, entanyeni, emhlathini, emhlane noma esiswini.

• Ukuphelelwa umoya: Kungavela kanye nobuhlungu besifuba noma kukodwa.

• Ukukhipha izithukuthuku: Ikakhulukazi uma izithukuthuku zipholile futhi ziningi.

• Ubuthakathaka nokukhathala: Kunganda ezinsukwini ngaphambi kokuhlaselwa, ikakhulukazi kwabesifazane.

• Ukuzizwa udidekile noma uphaphalaza

• Isicanucanu, ukuphalaza noma ukungaphatheki kahle esiswini

• Ukushaya kwenhliziyo okungahambisani nomsebenzi noma okungapheli

• Ukushaya kwenhliziyo okusheshayo noma okungajwayelekile

• Ubuhlungu emhlane, ehlombe noma esiswini esiphezulu, ikakhulukazi kwabesifazane.

• Ukukhwehlela okungenasizathu noma ukuphelelwa umoya

• Ukuvuvukala ezinyaweni, emadolweni noma ezithendeni (ikakhulukazi ezigabeni eziphambili) Lezi zimpawu kwesinye isikhathi zingaba buthakathaka noma zibe nzima kakhulu. Ikakhulukazi uma ubuhlungu besifuba nokuphelelwa umoya kungapheli emizuzwini embalwa noma kuphindaphindeka, kufanele kutholwe usizo lwezokwelapha ngokushesha okukhulu.

Izimpawu Zokuhlaselwa Yisifo Senhliziyo Eziqhamuka Emaqenjini Ahlukene

Kwabesifazane nakubantu abasebasha, ukuhlaselwa yisifo senhliziyo kungavela ngaphandle kobuhlungu besifuba obujwayelekile. Kwabesifazane, ikakhulukazi ubuthakathaka, ubuhlungu emhlane, isicanucanu, ukuphazamiseka kokulala kanye nokukhathazeka kungaba izimpawu ezivelele. Kubantu abadala noma abanesifo sikashukela, ubuhlungu bungaba buthakathaka, esikhundleni salokho kungavela ubuthakathaka obuzumayo noma ukuphelelwa umoya njengophawu lokuqala.

Ukungakhululeki esifubeni okuzwakala ebusuku noma ngesikhathi sokulala, ukushaya kwenhliziyo okungajwayelekile, ukukhipha izithukuthuku ezibandayo kanye nokuvuka ngokuzumayo kungaba izimpawu zokuhlaselwa yisifo senhliziyo okuhlobene nokulala.

Yiziphi Izinto Ezibeka Engozini Yokuhlaselwa Yisifo Senhliziyo?

Kunezinto eziningi ezandisa ingozi yokuhlaselwa yisifo senhliziyo futhi ngokuvamile lezi zinto ziba ndawonye. Izinto ezivame kakhulu yilezi:

• Ukusebenzisa ugwayi nemikhiqizo yotshwala

• I-cholesterol ephezulu (ikakhulukazi ukukhuphuka kwe-LDL cholesterol)

• Ukuba nengcindezi yegazi ephezulu (hypertension)

• Isifo sikashukela

• Ukukhuluphala nokungazivocavoci

• Ukudla okungelona elinempilo (okunothile ngamafutha agcwele nama-trans fat, okuntula ifayibha)

• Umlando wesifo senhliziyo emndenini esemncane

• Ukucindezeleka nokucindezeleka kwengqondo okuqhubekayo

• Ukuguga (ubungozi buyanda ngokuhamba kweminyaka)

• Ubuzalwane besilisa (kodwa nangemva kokumiswa kokuya esikhathini kwabesifazane, ubungozi buyanda) Eminye imiphumela yokuhlolwa kwegazi (njenge-C-reactive protein, homocysteine) ingabonisa ubungozi obukhulisiwe. Ezokwelapha zanamuhla, kubantu abakhuluphele, ezinye izindlela zokuhlinzwa noma zokungenelela zihlanganiswa nokushintsha indlela yokuphila ukuze kuncishiswe ubungozi.

Kwenziwa Kanjani Ukuhlolwa KweSifo Senhliziyo?

Isinyathelo esibaluleke kakhulu ekutholeni ukuhlaselwa yisifo senhliziyo wukuhlola izikhalo zesiguli kanye nesimo sakhe. Ngemuva kwalokho kwenziwa lezi zivivinyo ezilandelayo:

• I-Electrocardiography (ECG): Ibonisa izinguquko emsebenzini kagesi wenhliziyo ngesikhathi sokuhlaselwa.

• Ukuhlolwa kwegazi: Ikakhulukazi ukukhuphuka kwama-enzyme nama-protein akhishwa ithambo lenhliziyo njenge-troponin kusekela ukutholakala kwesifo.

• I-Echocardiography: Ihlola amandla okuncipha kwethambo lenhliziyo kanye nokuphazamiseka kokunyakaza kwalo.

• Uma kudingeka, i-X-ray yamaphaphu, i-computed tomography noma i-magnetic resonance imaging ingasetshenziswa njengesivivinyo esengeziwe.

• I-Coronary angiography: Isetshenziswa ukuthola nokuqinisekisa ukuvinjelwa kwemithambo kanye nokwelapha ngesikhathi esisodwa. Uma kudingeka ngesikhathi sokungenelela, umthambo ungavulwa ngebhaluni angioplasty noma kufakwe i-stent.

Izinto Zokuqala Okufanele Zenziwe Uma Kuqhamuka Ukuhlaselwa Yisifo Senhliziyo

Isikhathi sibalulekile kumuntu ozwa izimpawu zokuhlaselwa yisifo senhliziyo. Izinyathelo ezilandelayo kufanele zilandelwe:

• Shayela ngokushesha izinsiza zezempilo eziphuthumayo (i-ambulensi noma umnyango ophuthumayo)

• Umuntu kufanele ahlale endaweni enokuthula, anciphise ukuhamba

• Uma ekodwa, kufanele ashiye umnyango uvulekile noma acele usizo kubantu abaseduze

• Uma kudalulwe udokotela ngaphambilini, angasebenzisa imithi efana ne-nitroglycerin yokuvikela

• Kufanele kulindwe usizo lochwepheshe kuze kufike ithimba lezokwelapha, kugwenywe umzamo ongadingekile nokwesaba Okuphuthumayo okusheshayo nokufanele kunciphisa umonakalo kwithambo lenhliziyo futhi kwandise amathuba okuphila.

Izindlela Zanamuhla Zokwelapha Ukuhlaselwa Yisifo Senhliziyo

Ezokwelapha zanamuhla zohlaselo lwenhliziyo zihlelwa ngokuya ngohlobo, ubunzima kanye nezinto ezikhona ezandisa ubungozi. Ukwelashwa kuvame ukufaka lezi zinyathelo:

• Kusheshiswa ukusetshenziswa kwemithi evula imithambo nemithi yokunciphisa ukujiya kwegazi

• Ukungenelela okusheshayo kwemithambo ye-coronary (i-angioplasty, ukufakwa kwe-stent) kuvame ukuba yindlela yokuqala ekhethwayo

• Uma kudingeka, kungahlinzwa i-by-pass ukuze kuthathelwe indawo imithambo evalekile ngemithambo enempilo

• Ngemva kokuphela kwengozi enkulu, kushintshwa indlela yokuphila, kusetshenziswa imithi njalo futhi kulawulwa izinto ezandisa ubungozi

• Ukuyeka ugwayi, ukudla okunempilo nokulinganiselayo, ukuzivocavoca njalo, ukuphatha ukucindezeleka kanye nokulawula isifo sikashukela noma ingcindezi yegazi kuyizinyathelo eziyisisekelo. Phakathi nenqubo yokwelashwa, kubalulekile ukuthi iziguli zilandele izeluleko zochwepheshe be-cardiology kanye nochwepheshe bokuhlinza imithambo yenhliziyo futhi ziye njalo ezivivinyweni zokulawula.

Yini Engenziwa Ukuze Kuvikelwe Ukuhlaselwa Yisifo Senhliziyo?

Ingozi yokuhlaselwa yisifo senhliziyo ingancishiswa kakhulu ngokushintsha indlela yokuphila:

• Gwema ngokuphelele ugwayi nemikhiqizo yotshwala

• Yakha uhlelo lokudla olunekholesterol ephansi, olunothe ngemifino nefayibha, olunomkhawulo kumafutha agcwele kanye nokudla okucutshunguliwe

• Zivocavoce njalo; kunconywa okungenani imizuzu engu-150 yokuzivocavoca okulingene ngesonto

• Lawula ingcindezi yegazi kanye noshukela wegazi; uma kudingeka, qhubeka nokwelashwa kwemithi njalo

• Uma ukhulupele noma ukhulu kakhulu, cela usizo lochwepheshe ukuze ufinyelele isisindo esinempilo

• Funda ukuphatha ukucindezeleka futhi usebenzise izinhlelo zokwesekwa kwengqondo. Ukuqaphela lezi zinyathelo kusiza ukunciphisa ukufa okubangelwa izifo zenhliziyo emhlabeni jikelele.

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa

Ukuhlaselwa yisifo senhliziyo kuvame ukubonakala eminyakeni emingaki?

Ingozi yokuhlaselwa yisifo senhliziyo iyanda ngokuhamba kweminyaka. Kodwa-ke, izici zofuzo, isifo sikashukela, sigciwane likagwayi kanye nezinto ezihlobene nendlela yokuphila kungaholela ekutheni litholakale kubantu abasebasha abadala.

Ingabe kungenzeka ukuba nomfutho wenhliziyo ngaphandle kobuhlungu besifuba?

Yebo. Ikakhulukazi kwabesifazane, iziguli ezinesifo sikashukela nabadala, umfutho wenhliziyo ungavela ngaphandle kobuhlungu besifuba. Kufanele kunakwe izimpawu ezingajwayelekile ezifana nokukhathala, ukuphelelwa umoya, isicanucanu noma ubuhlungu emhlane.

Ingabe umfutho wenhliziyo ungenzeka ebusuku noma ngesikhathi sokulala?

Yebo, imfutho yenhliziyo ingenzeka ngesikhathi sokulala noma ekuseni kakhulu. Labo abavuka ngokuzumayo bebona ubuhlungu besifuba, ukushaya kwenhliziyo okusheshayo noma ukudideka kufanele bafune ukuhlolwa kwezokwelapha ngokushesha.

Ingabe izimpawu zomfutho wenhliziyo kwabesifazane zihlukile kunezabesilisa?

Kwabesifazane, esikhundleni sobuhlungu besifuba obujwayelekile, kungavela ukukhathala, ubuhlungu emhlane nasemathunjini, ukuphelelwa umoya, isicanucanu nezinye izikhalo ezihlukile.

Yiziphi izimo ezingadidaniswa nomfutho wenhliziyo?

Izifo zesisu, i-panic attack, ubuhlungu bemisipha namathambo, i-reflux kanye nomkhuhlane wamaphaphu kungaba nezimpawu ezifanayo nomfutho wenhliziyo. Uma kunokungabaza, ukuhlolwa kwezokwelapha kufanele kwenziwe ngokuqinisekile.

Ingabe kufanele kuthathwe i-aspirin ngesikhathi somfutho wenhliziyo?

Uma udokotela wakho ekwelulekile futhi ungenayo i-allergy, ukuluma i-aspirin kuze kufike usizo oluphuthumayo kungaba usizo kwezinye izimo. Kodwa noma nini, usizo lwezokwelapha kufanele lube yinto eza kuqala.

Ingabe kungenzeka ukupholisa ngokuphelele emva komfutho wenhliziyo?

Iningi leziguli ezithola ukungenelela kusenesikhathi, lingathola impilo enhle ngokwelashwa okufanele kanye nokushintsha indlela yokuphila. Kodwa kwezinye izimo, ukulahlekelwa okungapheli kwemisebenzi yenhliziyo kungavela.

Yiziphi izimbangela zomfutho wenhliziyo kubantu abasebasha?

Kwabasha, ugwayi, i-cholesterol ephezulu, ukukhuluphala, ukungazivocavoci, kanye nezinye izinkinga zemithambo yokuzalwa kungaholela kumfutho wenhliziyo.

Kufanele kunakwe ini ekudleni ukuze kuvikelwe umfutho wenhliziyo?

Kufanele kukhethwe imifino, izithelo, okusanhlamvu okuphelele, inhlanzi namafutha anempilo; ukusetshenziswa kwamafutha agcwele kanye nama-trans fats, usawoti noshukela kufanele kuncishiswe.

Nini kungenziwa ukuzivocavoca emva komfutho wenhliziyo?

Uhlelo lokuzivocavoca emva komfutho wenhliziyo kufanele luqale kuphela ngaphansi kokuqondisa kukadokotela nangokuhlolwa komuntu ngamunye kobungozi.

Umuntu othole umfutho wenhliziyo uhlala isikhathi esingakanani esibhedlela?

Lesi sikhathi sincike ebukhulwini bomfutho kanye nokwelashwa okwenziwe. Imvamisa, ukuhlala esibhedlela kuba phakathi kwezinsuku ezimbalwa kuya kwesonto elilodwa.

Kufanele kwenziweni uma kunomlando wesifo senhliziyo emndenini?

Umlando womndeni uyingozi enkulu. Kufanele ungabhemi, udle kahle, wenze ukuzivocavoca njalo futhi uma kudingeka wenze ukuhlolwa kwenhliziyo njalo.

Ingabe ingcindezi ingaholela kumfutho wenhliziyo?

Ingcindezi yesikhathi eside ingakhuphula ingozi yomfutho wenhliziyo ngendlela engathile. Ukugwema ingcindezi noma ukusebenzisa izindlela zokubhekana nayo ezisebenzayo kuzoba usizo.

Imithombo

• Inhlangano Yezempilo Yomhlaba (World Health Organization, WHO): Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) Fact Sheet.

• Inhlangano Yezinhliziyo YaseMelika (American Heart Association, AHA): Heart Attack Symptoms, Risk, and Recovery.

• Inhlangano Yezinhliziyo YaseYurophu (European Society of Cardiology, ESC): Guidelines for the management of acute myocardial infarction.

• US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): Heart Disease Facts.

• New England Journal of Medicine, The Lancet, Circulation (Izincwadi zezokwelapha ezibuyekezwa ongoti).