Isifo seswekile (iDiyabhetesi): Iimpawu zaso, Izizathu kunye noLawulo lwaso
Yintoni iDiyabhethi?
IDiyabhethi okanye njengoko isaziwa ngabantu abaninzi njengesifo seswekile, sisifo esingapheliyo semetabolism esikhula ngokukhawuleza namhlanje kwaye sibangela iingxaki ezininzi ezinzulu zempilo. Ngenxa yokuba ixhaphake kakhulu kwihlabathi liphela, ithathwa njengengxaki enkulu yezempilo yoluntu. Igama elipheleleyo leDiyabhethi, "Diabetes Mellitus", lithetha "umchamo oneswekile" ngesiGrike; eli gama livela kuba abantu abanesifo bafumana iswekile emchamweni, into engafane ibekho kubantu abaqhelekileyo. Kubantu abadala abaphilileyo, inqanaba legazi leswekile xa bengatyi rhoqo liphakathi kwe-70-100 mg/dL, kodwa ukuba eli nani lihlala liphezulu, kusenokubonisa ukuba umntu unediyabhethi.
Indlela Yokuphuhliswa kweDiyabhethi
IDiyabhethi isenzeka xa umzimba ungakwazi ukuvelisa i-hormone ye-insulin ngokwaneleyo okanye xa i-insulin ekhoyo ingasebenzi kakuhle. I-Insulin yihormone ebalulekileyo eveliswa yipankreas kwaye inceda ukuhambisa iswekile egazini iye kwizicubu zomzimba. Kukho iintlobo ezininzi zediyabhethi; eyona ixhaphake kakhulu yiDiyabhethi uhlobo lwesi-2. Le ndlela idla ngokubonakala kubantu abadala, ngakumbi emva kweminyaka engama-40. Kolu hlobo, nangona ipankreas ivelisa i-insulin, izicubu zomzimba ziba nokunganyangeki kwi-insulin kwaye umzimba awukwazi ukulawula iswekile ngendlela efanelekileyo. Isiphumo kukunyuka kwegazi leswekile nto leyo enokubangela iingxaki ezahlukeneyo zempilo.
Zeziphi Iimpawu zeDiyabhethi?
IDiyabhethi sisifo esihamba kancinci, kwaye abantu abaninzi abaqapheli iimpawu zokuqala. Kodwa xa inqanaba legazi leswekile linyuka, iimpawu ezahlukeneyo ziqala ukubonakala:
Ukuhamba rhoqo emchameni
Ukufuna ukutya kakhulu nangona unganelanga
Ukoma kakhulu kunye nomlomo owomileyo
Ukuphulukana nobunzima bomzimba ngokukhawuleza
Ukudinwa kunye nokungabi namandla
Ukungacaci kakuhle kombono
Ukungaphatheki kakuhle okanye ukugquma ezinyaweni okanye ezandleni
Ukulibaziseka kokuphiliswa kwamaxilongo
Ulusu olomileyo kunye nokurhawuzelela
Ivumba elifana ne-acetone emlonyeni
Akusoloko zibonakala zonke iimpawu kubo bonke abantu. Xa kuqatshelwa iimpawu, kubalulekile ukuya kwisibhedlele ukuze kuhlolwe inqanaba legazi leswekile.
Izizathu Ezisisiseko zeDiyabhethi
Kuphuhliso lwediyabhethi, zombini izinto ezifunyanwa emvelweni kunye nezinto ezinxulumene nendlela yokuphila zidlala indima. Ezona ntlobo zixhaphake kakhulu ziyiTiphu 1 kunye neTiphu 2. I-Tiphu 1 idla ngokuba kuqala ebuntwaneni okanye ebusheni kwaye ipankreas ilahlekelwa phantse ngokupheleleyo kukwazi ukuvelisa i-insulin. Kule meko; ukufunyanwa kwezifo ezinxulumene nokuzalwa, izifo zenkqubo yokuzikhusela kunye nezinye iintsholongwane zinokulimaza ipankreas.
I-Tiphu 2 idla ngokuba kubantu abadala, kwaye iphuhliswa ngenxa yezi zinto zilandelayo:
Ukutyeba kakhulu okanye ukungaphatheki kakuhle ngobunzima bomzimba
Imbali yosapho enediyabhethi
Ukungasebenzi ngokwaneleyo ngokwasemzimbeni kunye nendlela yokuphila engasebenziyo
Ubudala obuphambili
Iziphumo zoxinzelelo olude
Ukufunyanwa kwe-gestational diabetes ngexesha lokukhulelwa okanye ukuzala umntwana onobunzima obuphezulu
Zeziphi Iintlobo zeDiyabhethi?
IDiyabhethi yahlulwe kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo:
Tiphu 1 Diyabhethi: Idla ngokuba kuqala ebusheni kwaye umzimba awuvelisi phantse kwaphela i-insulin. Kufuneka kufakwe i-insulin njengonyango.
Tiphu 2 Diyabhethi: Ixesha elininzi ibonakala kubantu abadala. Izicubu zomzimba azisayi kuphendula kwi-insulin.
Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults (LADA): Luhlobo lwediyabhethi oluqala ebudaleni, oluneemvelaphi zokuzikhusela, kwaye unyango lufuna i-insulin.
Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY): Luhlobo lwediyabhethi oluqala ebusheni, oludluliselwa ngokofuzo.
Gestational Diabetes: Luhlobo oluphuhliswa kuphela ngexesha lokukhulelwa kwaye ngamanye amaxesha luguquka lube yidiyabhethi esisigxina.
Ukongeza koku, ixesha lePrediyabhethi (iswekile efihlakeleyo) libalulekile. Kule meko, inqanaba legazi leswekile liphezulu kunesiqhelo kodwa alonelanga ukufaka isigwebo sediyabhethi. Iprediyabhethi inokuqwalaselwa kwaye ilawulwe ngokutya okusempilweni kunye notshintsho kwindlela yokuphila ngaphambi kokuba iguqukele kwidiyabhethi epheleleyo.
Idiyabhethi Iqinisekiswa Njani?
Iindlela eziqhelekileyo zokuxilonga idiyabhethi zezi:
Kuvavanyo legazi leswekile xa ungatyi, amaxabiso angama-126 mg/dL nangaphezulu abonisa idiyabhethi.
Kuvavanyo lwe-Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT), ukuba inqanaba leswekile emva kweeyure ezimbini lingaphezulu kwe-200 mg/dL kubonisa idiyabhethi; ukuba liphakathi kwe-140-199 mg/dL kungabonisa iprediyabhethi.
Uvavanyo lwe-HbA1c lubonisa umndilili wenqanaba legazi leswekile kwiinyanga ezintathu ezidlulileyo kwaye amaxabiso angaphezulu kwe-6,5% axhasa uxilongo lwediyabhethi.
Kubalulekile ukulandela imiyalelo kagqirha ukuze kufumaneke iziphumo ezichanekileyo kuvavanyo olusetyenziselwa uxilongo.
Ukubaluleka Kokutya Ekunempilo Kulawulo lweDiyabhethi
Ulawulo olusebenzayo lwediyabhethi lufuna isicwangciso sokutya esilinganisekileyo. Abantu abanesifo seswekile kufuneka basebenzisane nogqirha kunye nengcali yokutya ukuze balandele inkqubo yokutya eyenzelwe iimfuno zabo. Imigaqo esisiseko yile:
Iinkozo ezipheleleyo, imifuno nemifuno emitsha kufuneka zibe phambili
Kufuneka kukhethwe ukutya okunezinga eliphantsi lamafutha kunye nekhalori, kodwa okunezondlo ezininzi
Ulawulo lweeporshane kunye nexesha eliqhelekileyo lokutya kufuneka kuqinisekiswe
Kufuneka kuphephe iswekile esulungekileyo kunye nokutya okucutshungulwe kakhulu
Ukutya rhoqo, ukulawula inqanaba legazi leswekile, kunye nokunciphisa ubunzima bomzimba kunye nemingcipheko yezifo zentliziyo. KwiTiphu 2 Diyabhethi, ukunciphisa ubunzima bomzimba kunempembelelo entle kulawulo lwegazi leswekile kunye nemfuno yamayeza. Kwimeko ezithile, iindlela zonyango ezahlukeneyo (umzekelo ibhaluni yesisu, utyando lwe-bariatric njl.) zingasetyenziswa ekulweni nokutyeba; isigqibo malunga noku kufuneka senziwe ngugqirha kuphela.
Ukutya Okusempilweni Okunokutyiwa Ngabantu Abanesifo seDiyabhethi
Iintlanzi ezinamanqatha: I-Salmon, sardine, herring, mackerel kunye ne-trout zityebile kwi-omega-3 kwaye ziluncedo kwimpilo yentliziyo, zingatyiwa ubuncinane kabini ngeveki.
Imifuno eluhlaza: Ispinashi, ikale, ilettuce kunye nebroccoli ziqulethe iivithamini kunye neminerali, azinampembelelo mbi kwegazi leswekile.
I-Avocado: Iqulethe amafutha anempilo angatyiwayo, ityebile ngentlaka kwaye kufuneka ityiwe ngokulinganisela.
Iqanda: Lonyusa imvakalelo yokugcwala, lityebile ngeprotheyini.
Iimbotyi kunye neembotyi ezahlukeneyo: Ngenxa yokuba zityebile ngentlaka kunye neprotheyini, ziphucula ulawulo lwegazi leswekile.
IYogurt: Iqulethe iprotheyini kunye neprobiotic, ixhasa impilo yamathumbu kwaye inempembelelo entle kwigazi leswekile.
Izinongo: Iiwolnuts kunye neehazelnuts zityebile ngamafutha anempilo kwaye zinciphisa umngcipheko wezifo zentliziyo.
IBroccoli: Imifuno enekhalori ephantsi, ityebile ngentlaka kunye neminerali.
Ioli yomnquma: Ngenxa yamafutha anempilo angatyiwayo, inendima yokukhusela impilo yentliziyo.
Imbewu yekhatheni: Ngenxa ye-omega-3 kunye nentlaka, inceda ekwehliseni i-cholesterol kunye nokulawula inqanaba legazi leswekile.
Yintoni Iswekile Efihlakeleyo (Prediyabhethi) Kwaye Iqatshelwa Njani?
Iswekile efihlakeleyo, okanye iprediyabhethi, yimeko apho inqanaba legazi leswekile liphezulu kunesiqhelo kodwa alonelanga ukufaka isigwebo sediyabhethi. Le meko inobungozi obuphezulu bokuguquka ibe yiTiphu 2 Diyabhethi. Rhoqo ayibangeli mpawu ezicacileyo, kodwa kunokubonakala iminqweno yeswekile, ukudinwa ngokukhawuleza kunye nokulala emva kokutya. Kufunyanwa kuvavanyo legazi leswekile xa ungatyi okanye emva kokutya. Kule meko, utshintsho kwindlela yokuphila lunokuthintela inkqubela yesifo.
Zeziphi Iindlela Zonyango Ezisetyenziswa KwiDiyabhethi?
Inkqubo yonyango lwediyabhethi iyahluka ngokohlobo lwesifo. KwiTiphu 1 Diyabhethi, kufuneka kusetyenziswe i-insulin ubomi bonke. Ukongeza konyango, isicwangciso sokutya esifanelekileyo silungiselelwa kunye nengcali yokutya, kwaye kwabanye abantu, inani le-carbohydrate linokubalwa ukuze kulungiswe idosi ye-insulin.
KwiTiphu 2 Diyabhethi, utshintsho kwindlela yokuphila, ukutya kunye nomsebenzi womzimba kucetyiswa kwinqanaba lokuqala. Kwimeko ezithile, amayeza asetyenziselwa ukonyusa ukuziva kweeseli kwi-insulin okanye ukuxhasa ukuveliswa kwe-insulin (amayeza asemlonyeni okulwa idiyabhethi) angasetyenziswa. Kwabanye abantu, unyango lwe-insulin luyafuneka.
Ngexesha lonyango, ukuba inqanaba legazi leswekile lihlala liphezulu ixesha elide, kunokubangela umonakalo osisigxina kwizitho ezifana nezinzwa, izintso kunye namehlo, ngoko ke kubalulekile ukulandela ugqirha rhoqo.
Imibuzo Ebuza Ngokuphindaphindiweyo
1. Ndingayinciphisa njani ingozi yam yokufumana iDiyabhethi?
Ukutya ngokulinganayo nangokucwangcisiweyo, ukulawula ubunzima bomzimba, ukwenza imisebenzi yomzimba rhoqo, ukuphepha ukutshaya nokusetyenziswa ngokugqithisileyo kotywala kunceda ekunciphiseni umngcipheko.
2. Ngaba kunokwenzeka ukuthintela ukudlulela kweprediyabhetesi kwi-diyabhetesi?
Ewe, ukunciphisa ubunzima, ukutya ngokusempilweni kunye nokuzilolonga kunokuthintela okanye kulibazise ukudlulela kweprediyabhetesi kwi-diyabhetesi.
3. Zeziphi iimvavanyo ezisetyenziswa ekufumaneni isifo seswekile?
Uvavanyo lwegazi xa ungatyi, uvavanyo lokunyamezelana neglucose (OGTT), kunye no-HbA1c zisetyenziswa kwiilabhoratri ekufumaneni isifo seswekile.
4. Ngaba kukho unyango olusisigxina lwesifo seswekile?
Isifo seswekile sisifo esingapheliyo. Nangona kungekhonakale ngokupheleleyo, unyango olusebenzayo lunokulawula inqanaba legazi leswekile kwaye kuthintelwe iingxaki.
5. Zithini umahluko ophambili phakathi kweDiyabhetesi uhlobo 1 nohlobo 2?
Uhlobo 1 lwesifo seswekile luqala ngokuqhelekileyo ebuntwaneni kwaye umzimba awukwazi ukuvelisa i-insulin. Uhlobo 2 lwesifo seswekile luhlala lubonakala kwiminyaka ephambili kwaye iiseli zomzimba ziba nokunganyangeki kwi-insulin.
6. Ngaba iindlela ezingezizo ezamayeza ziyasebenza kunyango lwesifo seswekile?
Ukutya, ukuzilolonga kunye notshintsho kwindlela yokuphila kusebenza kakhulu ngakumbi kwixesha lokuqala lwediyabhetesi uhlobo 2, kwezinye iimeko unyango ngamayeza luyafuneka.
7. Ngaba abamama abakhulelweyo banokufumana isifo seswekile?
Ewe, kukho isifo seswekile esivelayo ngexesha lokukhulelwa (gestational diabetes) kwaye kufuna ukulandela kunye nonyango ngenxa yempilo yomama nomntwana.
8. Zithini iimpawu zokuqala zeengxaki zesifo seswekile?
Ukungaphatheki kakuhle ezinyaweni, ukuphulukana nombono, ukungasebenzi kakuhle kwemiphunga kunye nezifo zentliziyo nemithambo zinokubonisa iingxaki.
9. Zeziphi izondlo ekufuneka zithintelwe ngabantu abanesifo seswekile?
Kuyacetyiswa ukuthintela iswekile esulungekileyo, ukutya okwenziwe ngomgubo omhlophe, ukutya okuthosiweyo nokunamafutha amaninzi, iziselo zotywala kunye netyuwa.
10. Udlala njani indima ukuzilolonga kunyango lwesifo seswekile?
Ukuzilolonga rhoqo kwandisa ukuziva kwe-insulin, kwehlisa inqanaba legazi leswekile kwaye kunceda kulawulo lobunzima bomzimba.
11. Singayiphucula njani umgangatho wobomi babantu abanesifo seswekile?
Ukulandela rhoqo ugqirha, ukutya ngokusempilweni, ulawulo lwengcinezelo kunye nomsebenzi womzimba ofanelekileyo kunokuphucula umgangatho wobomi.
12. Kutheni kufuneka abantu abanesifo seswekile bahlolwe rhoqo ngugqirha?
Nangona kuxhomekeke kwimeko yomntu ngamnye, kuqhelekile ukuba kuhlolwe rhoqo kwiinyanga ezi-3 ukuya kwezi-6. Ukuba umngcipheko weengxaki uphezulu, ukuhlolwa rhoqo kunokufuneka.
Imithombo
Umbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi (World Health Organization - WHO), IziKhokelo zeDiabetes Mellitus
Umbutho weHlabathi weDiabetes (International Diabetes Federation - IDF), Diabetes Atlas
Umbutho waseMelika weDiabetes (American Diabetes Association - ADA), Imigangatho yoNyango lweDiabetes
Iziko leSizwe loLawulo kunye noThintelo lweZifo (CDC), Izipapasho zeDiabetes
New England Journal of Medicine, Uphando oluhlobene neDiabetes
Imigaqo ye-European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD)