Yintoni Umhlaza Wemiphunga? Iimpawu Zawo, Izizathu Zakhe, Neendlela Zokufumanisa

Yintoni Umhlaza Wemiphunga? Iimpawu Zawo, Izizathu Zawo, Iindlela Zokufumanisa Zinjani?

Umhlaza wemiphunga ligama elinikiweyo kwiithumba ezimbi ezivelayo ngenxa yokwanda okungaqhelekanga kweeseli kumalungu emiphunga. Ezi seli ziqala ngokwanda kwindawo ezikuyo zize zenze iqela. Ngokuhamba kwexesha, xa umhlaza uqhubeka, unokusasazeka kwiithishu ezikufutshane nakwimithambo ekude.

Esi sifo sesinye sezona ntlobo zomhlaza zixhaphakileyo kwaye zinokubangela iziphumo ezinzulu kwihlabathi lonke. Ngenxa yokuba ngokuqhelekileyo asibonisi mpawu kwinqanaba lokuqala, amaxesha amaninzi kufunyanwa sele sisesigabeni esiphambili. Kungenxa yoko le nto kubalulekile ukuba abantu abasesichengeni bahlole rhoqo baze bathathe inxaxheba kwiinkqubo zokuhlola.

Ulwazi Ngokubanzi NgeMhlaza Wemiphunga

Umhlaza wemiphunga sisifo esivelayo ngenxa yokwanda okungaqhelekanga kweeseli kumalungu emiphunga. Ezona zinto zixhaphakileyo ezibangela umngcipheko ziquka ukusetyenziswa kukagwayi, ukuhlala ixesha elide kumoya ongcolileyo, ukufunxwa kweasbestos kunye negesi ye-radon.

Ngenxa yokuxhaphaka kwezi zinto zomngcipheko, ngakumbi ugwayi, umhlaza wemiphunga sesinye sezizathu eziphambili zokufa okubangelwa ngumhlaza kumadoda nakumabhinqa kumazwe amaninzi. Nangona umhlaza wemiphunga ufumaneka kwangethuba unokunyangwa, amaxesha amaninzi ufumaneka sele uphambili, nto leyo enokunciphisa iindlela zonyango nempumelelo yazo.

Ziziphi Iimpawu Ezixhaphakileyo Zomhlaza Wemiphunga?

Iimpawu zomhlaza wemiphunga zihlala zivelisa kwinqanaba eliphambili lesifo. Nangona ekuqaleni zingabonakali, ngokuhamba kwexesha ezi zikhalazo zilandelayo zinokuvela:

• Ukukhohlela okungapheliyo nokwanda ngamandla

• Igazi kwikhohlela

• Ukuphuma kwelizwi rhoqo

• Ubunzima ekuginyeni

• Ukuncipha komdla wokutya kunye nokuphulukana nobunzima bomzimba

• Ukudinwa okungacacanga

Ezi mpawu zinokubonakala nakwezinye izifo zemiphunga, ngoko xa kukho ukungaqiniseki kufuneka uqhagamshelane nengcali.

Njani Iimpawu Zomhlaza Wemiphunga Ziyatshintsha Ngokwezigaba Zawo?

Isigaba 0: Iiseli zomhlaza zikhona kuphela kuluhlu lwangaphakathi lwemiphunga, zihlala zingabonisi mpawu kwaye zifumaneka ngengozi kwiingxelo zovavanyo rhoqo.

Isigaba 1: Ithumba likwi-miphunga kuphela, akukho kusasazeka. Ukukhohlela okuncinane, ukuswela umoya okanye iintlungu ezincinane esifubeni zinokubonakala. Kule meko, unyango lokuhlinzwa lunokuphumelela.

Isigaba 2: Umhlaza unokufikelela kwiithishu ezinzulu zemiphunga okanye kwiindawo ezikufutshane ze lymph. Igazi kwikhohlela, iintlungu esifubeni kunye nokudinwa zixhaphake ngakumbi. Ukongeza ekuhlinzweni, unyango lwekhemotherapi kunye neradiotherapi lunokufuneka.

Isigaba 3: Isifo sisasazeke kwiindawo ezingaphandle kwemiphunga nakwi lymph nodes. Ukukhohlela okungapheliyo, iintlungu ezicacileyo esifubeni, ubunzima ekuginyeni, ukuncipha kakhulu kobunzima bomzimba kunye nokudinwa okukhulu kunokubonakala. Unyango luhlala lubandakanya iindlela ezininzi ngaxeshanye.

Isigaba 4: Umhlaza usasazeke kwiindawo ezingaphandle kwemiphunga (umzekelo isibindi, ingqondo okanye amathambo). Ukuswela umoya okukhulu, ukudinwa okukhulu, iintlungu zamathambo kunye nentloko, ukungabi nomdla wokutya kunye nokuphulukana kakhulu nobunzima bomzimba zixhaphakile. Kule meko, unyango lujolise kulawulo lweempawu kunye nokuphucula umgangatho wobomi.

Ziziphi Izizathu Ezisisiseko Zomhlaza Wemiphunga?

Eyona nto iphambili yomngcipheko kukusetyenziswa kukagwayi. Nangona kunjalo, nakubantu abangazange basebenzise ugwayi umhlaza wemiphunga unokubonakala. Ngokubanzi, uninzi lwazo zonke iimeko zomhlaza wemiphunga zifunyenwe zinxulumene nogwayi. Ukufunxwa komsi kagwayi ngokungathanga ngqo nako kunyusa kakhulu umngcipheko.

Enye yezinto zomngcipheko kukufunxwa kweasbestos. I-asbestos, njengeminerali echasene nobushushu kunye nokuguga, yayisetyenziswa kakhulu kwixesha elidlulileyo. Namhlanje, ukufunxwa kwayo kubonakala ngakumbi kwiindawo zomsebenzi, ngexesha lokususwa kweasbestos.

Ukongeza, ungcoliseko lomoya, igesi ye-radon, imitha ye-ionizing, izifo zemiphunga ezifana ne-KOAH (isifo semiphunga esingapheliyo) kunye nokuzalwa nomngcipheko wokufumana umhlaza wemiphunga nako kunokunyusa umngcipheko.

Ngaba Zikhona Iindidi Ezahlukileyo Zomhlaza Wemiphunga?

Imihlaza yemiphunga yahlulwa yangamaqela amabini aphambili ngokweeseli apho iqala khona:

Umhlaza wemiphunga oneeseli ezincinci: Malunga ne-10-15% yeemeko zonke. Ubonisa ukukhula ngokukhawuleza kunye nokusasazeka kwangethuba, kwaye unxulumene kakhulu nogwayi.

Umhlaza wemiphunga oneeseli ezingezincinci: Umalunga ne-85% yeemihlaza yemiphunga. Eli qela lahlulwa laya kwiindidi ezintathu ezixhaphakileyo:

• Adenokarsinoma

• Skuamasi yeseli carcinoma

• Carcinoma yeseli enkulu

Nangona unyango kunye nendlela yokuhamba kwesi sifo kumhlaza wemiphunga oneeseli ezingezincinci ihlala ingcono, isigaba sesifo kunye nempilo iyonke yomntu zibalulekile.

Izinto Ezibangela Umhlaza Wemiphunga kunye Nezinto Zomngcipheko

• Ukusebenzisa ugwayi ngokuthe ngqo yeyona nto iphambili yokubangela isifo.

• Nakubantu abangasebenzisi ugwayi, ukufunxwa komsi kagwayi kunyusa umngcipheko kakhulu.

• Ukuchasana nexesha elide negesi ye-radon, ngakumbi kwizakhiwo ezingavulelekanga kakuhle, kubalulekile.

• I-asbestos inyusa umngcipheko kubasebenzi abachaphazelekayo.

• Ungcoliseko lomoya olukhulu kunye nokuchasana neekhemikhali zoshishino nazo zizinto zomngcipheko.

• Ukuba kukho imbali yomhlaza wemiphunga kusapho kunokunyusa umngcipheko womntu.

• Ukuba ne-KOAH kunye nezinye izifo zemiphunga ezingapheliyo nako kongeza umngcipheko.

Umhlaza Wemiphunga Ufumaniswa Njani?

Kusetyenziswa iindlela zale mihla zokubonisa imifanekiso kunye novavanyo lwelebhu ekufumaneni umhlaza wemiphunga. Ngokukodwa kubantu abasesichengeni, kuvunyelwa ukuhlolwa kweminyaka ngemifanekiso ye-CT enedosi ephantsi.

Ukuba kukho iimpawu, i-X-ray yemiphunga, i-CT scan, uvavanyo lwekhohlela kunye nokuba kuyimfuneko, i-biopsy (ukuthatha isampuli yethishu) zizindlela eziqhelekileyo zokufumanisa. Emva kokufumana ezi datha, isigaba, ukusasazeka kunye nodidi lomhlaza kuyachazwa. Emva kweli nqanaba, ucwangciso lonyango olufanelekileyo lwenziwa kumguli.

Umhlaza Wemiphunga Uthatha Ixesha Elingakanani Ukuphuhlisa?

Kumhlaza wemiphunga, kusenokuthatha iminyaka emi-5 ukuya kweli-10 ukusuka ekuqaleni kokwanda okungaqhelekanga kweeseli ukuya ekubonakaleni kweempawu ezicacileyo zesifo. Ngenxa yexesha elide lokuphuhlisa, uninzi lwabantu bafumana isifo sele sisesigabeni esiphambili. Ukuhlolwa rhoqo kunye nokuhlolwa kwangethuba kubalulekile ngenxa yoku.

Zeziphi Iindlela Zonyango Kumhlaza Wemiphunga?

Indlela yonyango ichazwa ngokohlobo lomhlaza, isigaba kunye nempilo iyonke yomguli. Kumaxesha okuqala, ukususwa kwethumba ngokuhlinzwa kuhlala kunokwenzeka. Kumaxesha aphambili, i-chemotherapy, i-radiotherapy, i-immunotherapy okanye indibaniselwano yazo zinokukhethwa. Unyango olufanelekileyo lucwangciswa liqela leengcali ngokweemfuno zomntu.

Utyando, ngakumbi kumaxesha okuqala kunye nezigulo ezinesasazeko esinqongopheleyo, lukhetho olusebenzayo. Ngokuxhomekeke kubungakanani bethumba kunye nendawo yalo, inxenye yemiphunga okanye yonke imiphunga ingasuswa. Iindlela zonyango ezisetyenziswa kumaxesha aphambili zihlala zijolise ekucothiseni inkqubela yesifo kunye nokunciphisa iimpawu.

Ukubaluleka Kokuqwalasela Rhoqo Nokufumanisa Kwethuba

Ukuba umhlaza wemiphunga ufumaneka ngovavanyo phambi kokuba iimpawu zivele, impumelelo yonyango kunye namazinga okusinda angaphucuka kakhulu. Ngokukodwa kubantu abasebenzisa ugwayi abaneminyaka engama-50 nangaphezulu, ukuhlolwa kweminyaka kunokunceda ekufumaneni isifo kwangethuba. Ukuba ucinga ukuba usemngciphekweni, kubalulekile ukudibana nengcali kwaye uthathe inxaxheba kwinkqubo yokuhlola efanelekileyo.

Imibuzo Ebuza Ngokuphindaphindiweyo (FAQ)

Zithini iimpawu zokuqala zomhlaza wemiphunga?

Ngokuqhelekileyo ukukhohlela okungapheliyo, igazi kwikhohlela, ukuphuma kwelizwi kunye nokuswela umoya zezona mpawu zokuqala. Ukuba unezi zikhalazo, nceda uqhagamshelane nogqirha.

Umhlaza wemiphunga ubakho kuphela kubasebenzisi bogwayi?

Hayi. Nangona ugwayi uyingozi ephambili, isifo sinokuphuhliswa nakubantu abangazange basebenzise ugwayi. Ukufunxwa komsi kagwayi ngokungathanga ngqo, izizathu zofuzo kunye nezendalo nazo zidlala indima.

Ngaba umhlaza wemiphunga unokufunyanwa kusapho?

Kwezinye iintsapho, umngcipheko unokunyuka ngenxa yokuthotyelwa kofuzo. Kodwa uninzi lweemeko zinxulumene nogwayi kunye nokuchasana nezinto zendalo.

Ngaba umhlaza wemiphunga unyangwa kwangethuba?

Ewe, kumaxesha okuqala, unyango oluchanekileyo lunokubangela ukuphiliswa ngokupheleleyo. Kungenxa yoko le nto ukufumanisa kwangethuba kusindisa ubomi.

Isigaba somhlaza sichazwa njani?

Ukuhlolwa kwenqanaba, uphononongo lweemifanekiso kunye ukuba kuyimfuneko, i-biopsy, kwenziwa ngokobungakanani bokusasazeka komhlaza kunye namalungu abanjwe ngumhlaza.

Ngaba ungadideka nezinye izifo?

Ibronchitis engapheliyo, umkhuhlane okanye usulelo lweempumlo lungabonisa iimpawu ezifanayo. Ukuze kufumaneke isiqinisekiso, kufuneka uhlolo oluneenkcukacha.

Ngaba unyango lomhlaza wemiphunga lukhulu?

Iindlela zonyango ziyatshintsha ngokwenqanaba lesifo kunye nempilo yomntu. Kubalulekile ukwenza isicwangciso sonyango esilungele umntu ngamnye.

Kutheni unokuthintela umhlaza wemiphunga?

Ukuphepha ukutshaya kunye neemveliso zikatshoba, ukuthintela umsi ongathanga ngqo, ukuthatha amanyathelo okhuseleko kwiimisebenzi enobungozi, kunye nokuhlolwa rhoqo kwezempilo kuyanceda.

Umhlaza wemiphunga uvela kwiminyaka emingaphi?

Uqhele ukubonakala kubantu abadala abangaphezulu kweminyaka engama-50, kodwa unokuthi uvele nakweyiphi na iminyaka. Ingakumbi kwabo batshayayo, umngcipheko uphezulu.

Ngaba umgangatho wobomi unokuphuculwa kubantu abaphila nomhlaza wemiphunga?

Ewe, namhlanje iindlela zonyango kunye nonyango oluxhasayo lunokuphucula umgangatho wobomi.

Ngubani ocebiswa ukuba ahlolwe umhlaza wemiphunga?

Ingakumbi abo batshayileyo ixesha elide, abangaphezulu kweminyaka engama-50 kunye nabo baneminye imingcipheko, kucetyiswa ukuhlolwa rhoqo.

Abantu abasondelene nesigulana banokunceda njani ngexesha lonyango?

Inkxaso yomzimba kunye neyengqondo inefuthe elihle kumgangatho wobomi wesigulana ngexesha lonyango nasemva koko.

Ngaba utyando lomhlaza wemiphunga luyingozi?

Njengazo zonke iindlela zotyando, kukho imingcipheko ethile. Ukuhlolwa okuneenkcukacha ngaphambi kotyando kunye nokulungiselela okufanelekileyo kunciphisa imingcipheko.

Kuthetha ukuthini ukusetyenziswa "kweziyobisi ezikrelekrele" kunyango?

Kwezinye iintlobo zomhlaza wemiphunga, unyango olujolise ngokukodwa kwi-tumor ("ezikrelekrele") lunokuphunyezwa. Ugqirha wakho angakhetha olu khetho ngokohlalutyo lwezakhi zofuzo ze-tumor.

Kwenzeka ntoni xa umhlaza wemiphunga unganyangwanga?

Ukuba awunyanga, umhlaza unokukhula ngokukhawuleza kwaye wonakalise imisebenzi yamalungu abalulekileyo. Ukufunyanwa kwangethuba kunye nonyango kubalulekile.

Imithombo

• Umbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi (WHO): Lung Cancer

• Umbutho waseMelika woMhlaza (American Cancer Society): Lung Cancer

• Iziko laseMelika loLawulo noThintelo lweZifo (CDC): Lung Cancer

• Umbutho waseYurophu weOncology yoNyango (ESMO): Lung Cancer Guidelines

• National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN): Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology – Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

• Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA): Lung Cancer Screening and Early Detection