Ibikwiye kumenywa ku Kanseri y'Amaraso (Lösemi)
Lösemi ni iki?
Lösemi ni ubwoko bwa kanseri bugaragara bitewe n’uko uturemangingo tw’amaraso dukura mu magufa twiyongera mu buryo budasanzwe kandi budafite igenzura, bushobora kugaragara mu byiciro byose by’imyaka ariko cyane cyane ku bana no ku bantu bakuze barengeje imyaka 50. Iyo indwara imenyekanye kare, amahirwe yo gukira ariyongera cyane. Ni yo mpamvu kumenya ibimenyetso bya lösemi hakiri kare no gutangira kuvurwa vuba ari ingenzi cyane ku buzima.
Lösemi iterwa n’uko uturemangingo shingiro two mu magufa tutarangiza gukura neza ahubwo tukiyongera cyane kandi mu buryo budafite igenzura. Ibi bibanza kwangiza umubiri w’amagufa hanyuma bigakwira no mu mubiri wose. Mu magufa hakorerwa uturemangingo dutukura tw’amaraso (erythrocytes), utw’umweru (leukocytes) n’utwo gufasha amaraso gufatana (thrombocytes). By’umwihariko uturemangingo tw’umweru dufite uruhare runini mu kurinda umubiri indwara ziterwa na mikorobi n’utundi turemangingo dushobora kuba kanseri.
Utu turemangingo tw’umweru ntitwonyine dukorerwa mu magufa, ahubwo tunaboneka mu bice nka ganglion lymphatique, umwijima n’utundi turemangingo. Iyo lösemi itavuwe ishobora kugenda ikomeye. Ubwoko bwa lösemi bushingiye ku kwiyongera kw’uturemangingo tw’umweru twakuze cyane bugenda gahoro; naho ubwiyongere bw’utwo tutarakuze bugenda vuba, bikagaragara mu byumweru cyangwa amezi make bifite ibimenyetso bikomeye.
Amoko ya Lösemi ni ayahe?
Lösemi isanzwe igabanyijemo amoko abiri akurikije uko igenda: akut (igenda vuba) na kronike (igenda gahoro). Akut igaragarira mu kwiyongera kw’uturemangingo no kugaragaza ibimenyetso bitunguranye, naho kronike igenda buhoro, ishobora kumara imyaka myinshi itagaragaza ibimenyetso byinshi.
Ayo moko abiri akomeye agabanyijwemo ibyiciro bishingiye ku bwoko bw’uturemangingo tw’umweru twiyongera mu buryo budasanzwe:
Iva ku turemangingo twa myeloid yitwa “lösemi ya myeloid”,
Iva ku turemangingo twa lymphocyte yitwa “lösemi ya lymphoblastique (cyangwa lymphocytique)”.
Hari n’andi moko adakunze kuboneka cyane (nko: juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia, hairy cell leukemia).
Amoko ane akunze kuboneka cyane ya lösemi ni aya:
1. Akut Lymphoblastique Lösemi (ALL)
Ni bwo bwoko bwa lösemi bukunze kuboneka cyane mu bana, ariko bunaboneka mu bakuru. Abayirwaye bagira uturemangingo tw’umweru tutarakuze dukomoka kuri lymphocyte twiyongera cyane. Igipimo cyo kubaho igihe kirekire kuri ALL mu bakuru no mu bana gitandukana bitewe n’imyaka, ubuzima rusange n’uko umurwayi yitwara ku buvuzi.
2. Akut Myeloid Lösemi (AML)
Igaragara bitewe n’uko uturemangingo twa myeloid tutarangiza gukura neza ahubwo tukiyongera mu buryo budasanzwe. Ikunze kuboneka mu rubyiruko no mu bantu bakuze. Intambwe mu buvuzi bwa AML iragenda izamuka kubera iterambere mu buvuzi.
3. Kronike Lymphocytique Lösemi (KLL)
Akenshi iboneka mu bantu bakuze cyane, cyane cyane hejuru y’imyaka 60. Muri ubu bwoko, uturemangingo twa lymphocyte twakuze ariko tutari ngirakamaro twiyongera mu mubiri bigatuma amagufa n’utundi turemangingo tudakora neza.
4. Kronike Myeloid Lösemi (KML)
KML ikunze kuboneka cyane hagati y’imyaka 25-60, aho uturemangingo twa myeloid twiyongera mu buryo budasanzwe. Imiti mishya igamije kwibasira uturemangingo twihariye yatumye igipimo cyo kubaho igihe kirekire cyiyongera.
Ibimenyetso bya Lösemi ni ibihe?
Ibimenyetso bya lösemi bishobora gusa n’ibindi bibazo by’amagufa kandi bikubiyemo ibi bikurikira:
Kunanirwa, gucika intege, kunanirwa vuba, guhumeka insigane (bitewe n’amaraso make)
Kugira indwara ziterwa na mikorobi kenshi (bitewe no kugabanuka k’ubudahangarwa)
Kuva amaraso mu mazuru, ku ishinya cyangwa munsi y’uruhu, kugira uduheri dutukura n’udukovu (pétéchies)
Kutagira appetit, kugabanuka ibiro, kurara ushwita
Kugira umuriro mwinshi w’indwara zimara igihe kirekire
Kubabara amagufa n’imikaya
Kubyimba k’uturemangingo two ku ijosi, mu kwaha cyangwa mu bitsina
Kubyimba ku ruhu cyangwa mu nda
Lösemi mu Bana: Ibimenyetso n’Ibipimo
Lösemi igize igice kinini cy’indwara za kanseri ziboneka mu bana, cyane cyane hagati y’imyaka 2-10. Ku bana bato cyane, ibirinda biva mu mashereka ya nyina bigenda bigabanuka uko igihe kigenda, ubudahangarwa bugakomeza kwiyubaka. Muri iki gihe, indwara zimwe na zimwe ziterwa na virusi, imiterere y’imiryango n’ukubura vitamine D bishobora kongera ibyago byo kurwara lösemi.
Ibimenyetso bikunze kugaragara mu bana:
Kugaragara nk’ufite uruhu rwerurutse cyane
Kugabanuka ibiro, kutagira ubushake bwo kurya
Kugira umuriro mwinshi w’indwara zimara igihe kirekire cyangwa zisubira
Kugira udukovu n’ibibyimba ku mubiri
Kubyimba no kwuzura mu nda
Kubabara amagufa cyangwa imikaya
Mu gukomeza kwiyongera kw’indwara, uturemangingo twa kanseri twakwira mu bwonko cyangwa mu bindi bice by’umubiri bigatera ibindi bimenyetso nko kubabara umutwe, kuribwa mu nda, kugira ibibazo byo mu bwonko nko kugira ifatwa ry’umubiri.
Ibiteza Lösemi ni ibihe?
Lösemi iri mu ndwara za kanseri zikomeye ku isi, ikaba iboneka kenshi ku bagabo kurusha abagore. Ibiteza amoko atandukanye ya lösemi biratandukanye:
Akut Lymphoblastique Lösemi (ALL)
Nubwo impamvu zose zitazwi neza, guhura n’imirasire myinshi, imiti imwe n’imwe (nko: benzene), kuba warigeze kuvurwa kanseri hakoreshejwe imiti, indwara zimwe na zimwe ziterwa na virusi (HTLV-1, Epstein–Barr virus), indwara zimwe z’imiterere (nko: Down syndrome, Fanconi anemia), byose bishobora kongera ibyago bya ALL.
Akut Myeloid Lösemi (AML)
Impinduka mu turemangingo, gukura, itabi, indwara zimwe z’amaraso cyangwa kuba warigeze kuvurwa kanseri, Down syndrome ni bimwe mu byongera ibyago bya AML.
Kronike Lymphocytique Lösemi (KLL)
Impamvu ya KLL ntirasobanuka neza. Ariko gukura, kuba umugabo, guhura n’imiti imwe n’imwe no kugira inkomoko ya KLL mu muryango byongera ibyago.
Kronike Myeloid Lösemi (KML)
KML ikunze kujyana n’impinduka mu turemangingo tuboneka mu buzima (itaravukanywe). Impinduka yitwa “Philadelphia chromosome” iboneka mu bantu benshi barwaye KML, ikaba itera uturemangingo tw’amagufa gukura mu buryo budafite igenzura.
Lösemi isuzumwa ite?
Intego yo gusuzuma lösemi ni ukumenya niba ihari, ubwoko bwayo n’uburyo yakwirakwiye mu mubiri. Mu gusuzuma hakorwa ibi bikurikira:
Kuganira n’umurwayi no kumusuzuma: Harebwa ibimenyetso by’amaraso make, kubyimba k’uturemangingo cyangwa ibice by’umubiri, impinduka ku ruhu.
Ibizamini by’amaraso: Kubara amaraso yose, kureba imikorere y’umwijima, ibizamini byo gufatana kw’amaraso.
Kureba amaraso ku isahani: Kugira ngo harebwe niba hari uturemangingo tudakwiye mu maraso.
Gufata igice cy’amagufa (biopsie/aspiration): Kugira ngo hamenyekane neza indwara, cyane cyane mu ndwara zikarishye, hakarebwa igice cyafashwe hakoreshejwe mikorosikopi.
Ibizamini by’imiterere y’uturemangingo: By’umwihariko kuri KML, harebwa impinduka ya Philadelphia chromosome na BCR-ABL.
Gufata igice cy’amagufa bikunze gukorerwa ku kagufa k’inda, bikagenzurwa mu laboratwari yihariye.
Ibikorwa mu Kuvura Lösemi ni ibihe?
Gahunda yo kuvura igomba gukorwa hashingiwe ku bwoko bwa lösemi n’ubuzima rusange bw’umurwayi, ikayoborwa n’itsinda ry’inzobere mu ndwara z’amaraso na kanseri. Uburyo bukurikira bukoreshwa mu kuvura lösemi muri iki gihe:
Kemoterapi
Imiti itandukanye ikoreshwa mu kurandura uturemangingo tudakwiye. Uburyo bwo gukoresha imiti n’ubwoko bwayo bigenwa hakurikijwe ubwoko bwa lösemi n’imiterere y’umurwayi.
Radyoterapi
Imirasire ifite ingufu ikoreshwa mu kurandura uturemangingo twa lösemi. Radyoterapi ikoreshwa ku barwayi bamwe, rimwe na rimwe no mu gutegura umurwayi ku guhabwa uturemangingo shingiro.
Ubuvuzi bushingiye ku Bumenyi bw’Imiterere n’Ubudahangarwa
Imiti mishya igamije kongerera ubudahangarwa cyangwa kwibasira uturemangingo twa kanseri (immunotherapy, agents biologiques, imiti igamije kwibasira uturemangingo) ifite uruhare runini mu kuvura amoko amwe ya lösemi. Urugero, imiti ya tyrosine kinase inhibitors yakorewe KML yatumye habaho impinduka ikomeye mu kuvura iyi ndwara kandi igira ingaruka nke kurusha kemoterapi.
Guhindurirwa Uturemangingo shingiro (Transplantation y’Amagufa)
Uyu buryo bwo gusimbuza burundu umusokoro w’amaraso n’uturemangingo twiza, ni bumwe mu buryo bw’ivuriro bukora neza cyane kandi bukoreshwa ku barwayi babikwiriye. Mu gihe cyo gukora ubu buryo no nyuma yabwo, hashobora kugaragara ingaruka zimwe na zimwe. By’umwihariko, ibibazo bifitanye isano n’ubudahangarwa bw’umubiri (nko kuri GVHD), kwangirika kw’ibice by’umubiri no kuba umuntu yakwandura indwara bigomba kwitabwaho. Ku bw’ibyo, igikorwa cyo gusimbuza umusokoro kigomba gukorerwa mu bigo bifite uburambe.
Ubuvuzi Bufasha
Kugira ngo hagabanywe ibyago byo kugira anemia, kwandura indwara no kuva amaraso biterwa na kemoterapi n’izindi nzira z’ubuvuzi, hakenerwa kongera amaraso, imiti irinda kwandura, igihe bibaye ngombwa hakongerwaho antibiyotike n’izindi nzira z’ubuvuzi bufasha.
Kubera uburyo bugezweho bwo kuvura, igipimo cy’abarwayi ba leykemi babaho cyarazamutse cyane mu myaka ya vuba. Urugero, mu myaka ya 1970, igipimo cyo kubaho imyaka 5 cyari hafi 30%, ariko ubu, bitewe n’ubuvuzi bukwiriye no gusuzuma hakiri kare, iki gipimo cyarenze 60% nk’uko imibare y’ubu ibigaragaza.
Mwibuke; kugira ngo haboneke ibisubizo byiza no kuvura neza, ni ingenzi cyane kwihutira kujya kwa muganga igihe habonetse ibimenyetso, kuko bifite akamaro kanini ku buzima n’imigendekere y’indwara.
Ibibazo Bikunze Kubazwa
1. Ese leykemi yandura?
Oya, leykemi si indwara yandura. Iterwa n’impinduka za jenetiki, ibibazo by’ibidukikije n’ibindi byongera ibyago, kandi ntiva ku muntu umwe ngo ijye ku wundi.
2. Ni iki gitera leykemi?
Impamvu nyamukuru itera leykemi kenshi ntimenyekana. Ariko, impamvu za jenetiki, imiti imwe n’imwe, imirasire n’ibindi byangiza ibidukikije hamwe na virusi zimwe bishobora kongera ibyago.
3. Ese leykemi iravurwa?
Ubwoko bwinshi bwa leykemi, cyane cyane iyo ivumbuwe hakiri kare kandi ikavurwa neza, bushobora kugenzurwa cyangwa bugakira burundu. Amahirwe yo gukira ahinduka bitewe n’imyaka y’umurwayi, uko amerewe n’ubwoko bwa leykemi.
4. Abafite leykemi babaho igihe kingana iki?
Igihe umuntu abaho afite leykemi giterwa n’ubwoko bw’indwara, igihe yavumburiwe, uko ivurwa n’imiterere y’ubuzima bwe. Ubu, kubera ubuvuzi bugezweho, kubaho igihe kirekire birashoboka.
5. Kuki leykemi iboneka cyane mu bana?
Mu bana, bimwe mu biranga jenetiki n’ubudahangarwa bw’umubiri iyo bihujwe n’ibidukikije bishobora gutuma baba mu byago byo kurwara leykemi. Ariko, kuri benshi, impamvu nyamukuru ntiboneka.
6. Ese gusimbuza umusokoro w’amaraso bikwiye buri wese?
Oya, gusimbuza umusokoro ntibikwiye buri murwayi. Uburyo bukwiriye bupimwa n’abaganga hakurikijwe imyaka y’umurwayi, uko amerewe, ubwoko bw’indwara n’ibindi by’ubuvuzi.
7. Ibimenyetso bya leykemi bishobora kwitiranywa n’izihe ndwara?
Leykemi ishobora kwitiranywa n’indwara zimwe z’udukoko, ubwoko bwa anemia n’izindi ndwara z’amaraso. Gusuzuma amaraso yose no gukora ibindi bipimo byimbitse bifasha gutandukanya indwara.
8. Ese birashoboka kwirinda leykemi?
Nubwo bidashoboka kuyirinda burundu, kwirinda itabi n’imiti yangiza, kugira imyitwarire myiza y’ubuzima no kujya kwisuzumisha kenshi bifasha gutahura indwara hakiri kare.
9. Abafite leykemi baba bafite ibyago byinshi byo kwandura?
Yego, umusokoro w’amaraso n’ubudahangarwa bw’umubiri birahungabana. Ni yo mpamvu isuku, kwirinda ahantu hari abantu benshi cyangwa indwara, no gufata ingamba z’ubwirinzi igihe bikenewe ari ingenzi.
10. Ese leykemi itera kugwa k’umusatsi?
Bimwe mu miti ikoreshwa mu kuvura (by’umwihariko kemoterapi) ishobora gutera kugwa k’umusatsi. Ibi akenshi biba by’igihe gito kandi umusatsi ushobora kongera gukura nyuma yo kurangiza ubuvuzi.
11. Ese leykemi iras inheritance?
Mu bwoko bwinshi bwa leykemi, ntitwara mu miryango. Ariko, zimwe mu ndwara za jenetiki zishobora kongera ibyago byo kurwara leykemi.
12. Ni ibiki by’ingenzi kwitaho mu gihe cyo kuvura leykemi?
Kwirinda kwandura, gukurikiza inama z’abaganga, kujya kwisuzumisha kenshi no kumenyesha itsinda ry’ubuvuzi ingaruka zose ni ingenzi cyane.
Inkomoko
Ishami ry’Umuryango w’Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima (WHO): Leukemia
Ikigo cy’Abanyamerika gishinzwe kurwanya no gukumira indwara (CDC): Amakuru ku barwayi ba Leukemia
American Cancer Society: Incamake kuri Leukemia
European Hematology Association: Amabwiriza kuri Leukemia
Cancer Research UK: Ubwoko na uburyo bwo kuvura Leukemia