Diyabete (Indwara y’Isukari): Ibimenyetso, Impamvu n’Imicungire yayo

Diyabete ni iki?

Diyabete cyangwa indwara izwi cyane nka diyabete y'isukari, ni indwara y'igihe kirekire ya metabolizime igenda yiyongera cyane muri iki gihe kandi itera ibibazo bikomeye by'ubuzima. Kubera ko ikunze kugaragara cyane ku isi hose, ifatwa nk'ikibazo gikomeye cy'ubuzima rusange. Izina ryuzuye rya diyabete, "Diabetes Mellitus", risobanura "umusarani urimo isukari" mu Kigiriki; iri zina rituruka ku kuba mu musarani w'abafite iyi ndwara habonekamo isukari itagomba kuhaba. Ku bantu bakuru bafite ubuzima bwiza, urugero rw'isukari mu maraso iyo umuntu atariye ruba hagati ya 70-100 mg/dL, ariko iyo uru rwego ruhora ruri hejuru, bishobora gutuma umuntu akekwaho diyabete.

Uko Diyabete Itera

Diyabete iterwa ahanini n'uko umubiri udashobora gukora insuline ihagije cyangwa insuline ihari ntikore neza. Insuline ni umusemburo ukorwa na pankiriyasi, ifasha isukari yo mu maraso kwinjira mu turemangingo. Diyabete ifite amoko menshi; ariko ubwoko bukunze kugaragara cyane ni Diyabete yo mu bwoko bwa 2. Ubu bwoko bukunze kugaragara cyane mu bantu bakuru, cyane cyane nyuma y'imyaka 40. Muri ubu bwoko, nubwo pankiriyasi ikora insuline, uturemangingo tw'umubiri turayanga, bigatuma umubiri utabasha gukoresha neza isukari. Ibi bituma isukari yo mu maraso izamuka, bigatera ibindi bibazo by'ubuzima.

Ibimenyetso bya Diyabete ni ibihe?

Diyabete ni indwara igenda gahoro, abantu benshi ntibabasha kubona ibimenyetso byayo hakiri kare. Ariko uko isukari yo mu maraso izamuka, ibimenyetso bitandukanye biragaragara:

• Kugira isesemi kenshi

• Kugira irari ridasanzwe ryo kurya cyane

• Kugira inyota nyinshi no kuma mu kanwa

• Gutakaza ibiro mu buryo butunguranye

• Kumva umunaniro no gucika intege

• Kutabona neza

• Kumva uburyaryate cyangwa kudakora neza mu birenge cyangwa intoki

• Gukira buhoro kw'ibikomere

• Kuma k'uruhu no kuribwa

• Kumva impumuro isa n'iya asitoni mu kanwa

Siyo buri muntu wese agaragaza ibi bimenyetso byose. Iyo habonetse ibimenyetso, ni ingenzi kwihutira kujya kwa muganga no gupimisha isukari yo mu maraso.

Impamvu Nshingiro za Diyabete

Kugaragara kwa diyabete guterwa n'impamvu zishingiye ku miryango (genetike) ndetse n'imibereho. Amoko abiri akunze kugaragara ni Diyabete yo mu bwoko bwa 1 na Diyabete yo mu bwoko bwa 2. Diyabete yo mu bwoko bwa 1 itangira akenshi mu bwana cyangwa mu busore, kandi pankiriyasi igatakaza ubushobozi bwo gukora insuline hafi ya yose. Muri ubu bwoko, imiterere y'imiryango, indwara z'ubudahangarwa ndetse n'ubwandu bwa virusi zimwe na zimwe bishobora kwangiza pankiriyasi.

Diyabete yo mu bwoko bwa 2 ikunze kugaragara cyane mu bantu bakuru, bitewe n'ibi bikurikira:

• Ibibazo by'umubyibuho ukabije cyangwa ibiro byinshi

• Kuba hari abandi mu muryango bafite diyabete

• Kutagira imyitozo ngororamubiri ihagije no kubaho wicaye cyane

• Gusaza

• Ingufu z'umunaniro w'igihe kirekire

• Kugaragara kwa diyabete y'abagore batwite cyangwa kubyara umwana ufite ibiro byinshi

Amoko ya Diyabete ni ayahe?

Diyabete igabanyijemo amoko atandukanye:

• Diyabete yo mu bwoko bwa 1: Akenshi itangira mu bwana, kandi umubiri ntushobora gukora insuline. Gukoresha insuline ni ngombwa mu kuvura.

• Diyabete yo mu bwoko bwa 2: Ikunze kugaragara mu bantu bakuru. Uturemangingo ntidushobora kwakira insuline neza.

• Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults (LADA): Ni ubwoko bwa diyabete butangirira mu bantu bakuru, buterwa n'ubudahangarwa, kandi akenshi bisaba gukoresha insuline.

• Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY): Ni diyabete itangira mu busore, iterwa n'imiterere y'imiryango.

• Gestasyonel Diyabete: Igaragara gusa mu gihe cyo gutwita, ariko ishobora no kuguma nyuma yo kubyara.

Uretse ibi, igihe cya Prediyabete (gizli şeker) nacyo ni ingenzi. Muri iki gihe, isukari yo mu maraso iba iri hejuru y'ibisanzwe ariko ntiragera ku rwego rwo gusuzuma diyabete. Prediyabete ishobora kugenzurwa binyuze mu guhindura imirire n'imibereho, bityo ntigere ku rwego rwa diyabete nyirizina.

Diyabete isuzumwa ite?

Uburyo bukoreshwa cyane mu gusuzuma diyabete ni ubu bukurikira:

• Mu gipimo cy'isukari yo mu maraso utariye, hejuru ya 126 mg/dL bishobora kwerekana diyabete.

• Mu gipimo cyitwa Oral Glukoz Tolerans Test (OGTT), isukari yo mu maraso nyuma y'amasaha abiri iri hejuru ya 200 mg/dL yerekana diyabete; hagati ya 140-199 mg/dL bishobora kwerekana prediyabete.

• Ikizamini cya HbA1c gitanga ishusho y'isukari yo mu maraso mu mezi atatu ashize, kandi hejuru ya 6,5% bifasha mu gusuzuma diyabete.

Kugira ngo ibisubizo by'ibipimo bibe nyakuri, ni ingenzi gukurikiza inama za muganga.

Agaciro k'Imirire mu Gucunga Diyabete

Kugira ngo diyabete igenzurwe neza, bisaba gahunda y'imirire iboneye. Abafite diyabete bagomba gukorana n'inzobere mu mirire na muganga, bagategura gahunda yihariye ijyanye n'ibyo bakeneye. Amategeko shingiro ni aya:

• Ibinyampeke bitunganyije neza, imboga n’imbuto bishyirwe imbere

• Guhitamo ibiribwa bifite amavuta n’ingufu bike ariko bifite intungamubiri nyinshi

• Kugenzura ingano y'ibiribwa no kurya ku masaha agengwa

• Kwirinda isukari itunganyijwe n'ibiribwa byatunganyijwe cyane

Imirire igengwa neza ifasha kugabanya isukari yo mu maraso, kugabanya ibiro no kugabanya ibyago by'indwara z'umutima. Ku bafite diyabete yo mu bwoko bwa 2, gutakaza ibiro bigira uruhare runini mu kugenzura isukari no kugabanya imiti. Mu gihe bikenewe, hashobora gukoreshwa uburyo bw'ubuvuzi bwo kugabanya ibiro (nko gushyiramo umupira mu gifu, kubagwa gifu n'ibindi); icyemezo cyo kubikora kigomba gufatwa na muganga.

Ibiribwa byiza ku bafite Diyabete

• Amafi arimo amavuta: Salmon, sardine, ringa, maquereau na trout birimo omega-3, bifasha umutima kandi byagombye kuribwa nibura kabiri mu cyumweru.

• Imboga z'icyatsi zifite amababi: Epinari, kale, laitue na brocoli birimo vitamini n'imyunyu, ntibigira ingaruka mbi ku isukari yo mu maraso.

• Avoka: Irimo amavuta meza adafite imyunyu myinshi, ifite fibre nyinshi kandi igomba kuribwa mu rugero.

• Amagi: Atuma umuntu yumva ahaze, arimo poroteyine nyinshi.

• Ibishyimbo n'ibinyamisogwe: Kubera fibre na poroteyine, bifasha kugenzura isukari yo mu maraso.

• Yoghourt: Irimo poroteyine na probiotics, ifasha ubuzima bw'igifu kandi ishobora kugira uruhare rwiza ku isukari yo mu maraso.

• Imbuto z'ibinyampeke: Inzungu n'amavuta y'ibinyampeke ni isoko y'amavuta meza kandi bigabanya ibyago by'indwara z'umutima.

• Brocoli: Ifite ingufu nke, fibre nyinshi n'imyunyu.

• Amavuta y'umutsa: Kubera amavuta meza adafite imyunyu myinshi, afasha umutima.

• Imbuto za flax: Kubera omega-3 na fibre, bifasha kugabanya cholesterol no kugenzura isukari yo mu maraso.

Prediyabete ni iki kandi igaragazwa n'iki?

Prediyabete ni igihe isukari yo mu maraso iri hejuru y'ibisanzwe ariko itaragera ku rwego rwo gusuzuma diyabete. Iyi ni intambwe ifite ibyago byinshi byo kugera kuri diyabete yo mu bwoko bwa 2. Nubwo akenshi nta bimenyetso bigaragara, hashobora kuboneka irari ry'isukari, umunaniro utunguranye no gusinzira nyuma yo kurya. Ibi bipimwa hakoreshejwe ibipimo by'isukari utariye no nyuma yo kurya. Muri iki cyiciro, guhindura imibereho birashobora guhagarika iterambere rya diyabete.

Uburyo bukoreshwa mu kuvura Diyabete

Uburyo bwo kuvura diyabete butandukana bitewe n'ubwoko bwayo. Ku bafite diyabete yo mu bwoko bwa 1, gukoresha insuline ubuzima bwose ni ngombwa. Uretse ibi, hakoreshwa gahunda y'imirire yihariye ifatanyije n'inzobere mu mirire, kandi ku bantu bamwe hashobora gukoreshwa uburyo bwo kubara karubone kugira ngo insuline ihindurwe uko bikenewe.

Ku bafite diyabete yo mu bwoko bwa 2, intambwe ya mbere ni guhindura imibereho, imirire n'imyitozo ngororamubiri. Mu gihe bikenewe, hashobora gukoreshwa imiti ifasha uturemangingo kwakira insuline cyangwa ituma insuline ikorwa neza (oral antidiyabetiques). Ku bantu bamwe, gukoresha insuline birakenewe.

Muri iki gihe cy'ubuvuzi, iyo isukari yo mu maraso ihora iri hejuru igihe kirekire, ishobora kwangiza imyakura, impyiko n'amaso, bityo kugenzurwa na muganga kenshi ni ingenzi cyane.

Ibibazo Bikunze Kubazwa

1. Nakora iki ngo ngabanye ibyago byo kurwara diyabete?

Kurya no kugabanya ibiribwa, kugenzura ibiro, gukora imyitozo ngororamubiri buri gihe, kwirinda itabi no kunywa inzoga nyinshi bifasha kugabanya ibyago.

2. Birashoboka kwirinda ko prediyabete ihinduka diyabete?

Yego, kugabanya ibiro, kurya indyo yuzuye no gukora imyitozo ngororamubiri bishobora gukumira cyangwa gutinza ko prediyabete ihinduka diyabete.

3. Ni ibihe bizamini bikoreshwa mu gusuzuma diyabete?

Isuzuma ry'isukari yo mu maraso utariye, isuzuma rya oral glukoz toleransi (OGTT), na HbA1c ni bimwe mu bizamini bya laboratwari bikoreshwa mu gusuzuma.

4. Ese diyabete ifite umuti uhoraho?

Diyabete ni indwara idakira. Nubwo kuyikiza burundu bidashoboka, kuyivura neza bifasha kugenzura isukari yo mu maraso no gukumira ingaruka mbi.

5. Ni izihe mpamvu zitandukanya diyabete yo mu bwoko bwa 1 n’iya 2?

Diyabete yo mu bwoko bwa 1 itangira akenshi mu bwana kandi umubiri ntushobora gukora insuline. Diyabete yo mu bwoko bwa 2 akenshi iboneka mu bantu bakuze kandi uturemangingo tuba tudashobora kwakira insuline neza.

6. Ese uburyo butari ubw’imiti bugira uruhare mu kuvura diyabete?

Indyo, imyitozo ngororamubiri no guhindura imikorere y’ubuzima bifite akamaro cyane cyane mu ntangiriro za diyabete yo mu bwoko bwa 2, ariko hari igihe hakenerwa imiti.

7. Ese abagore batwite bashobora kugira diyabete?

Yego, hari diyabete iboneka mu gihe cyo gutwita (gestasyonel diyabete) kandi bisaba gukurikiranwa no kuvurwa kugira ngo umubyeyi n’umwana bagire ubuzima bwiza.

8. Ni ibihe bimenyetso by’imburagihe by’ingaruka za diyabete?

Kumva ibirenge bidakora neza, kubura ubushobozi bwo kubona neza, ibibazo by’imikorere y’impyiko n’indwara z’umutima n’imitsi bishobora kuba ibimenyetso by’ingaruka.

9. Ni ibihe biribwa abarwaye diyabete bagomba kugabanya?

Isukari y’umwimerere, ibiribwa bikozwe mu ifarini yera, ibiribwa byokeje cyangwa birimo amavuta menshi, inzoga n’umunyu birasabwa kugabanywa.

10. Imyitozo ngororamubiri igira uruhe ruhare mu kuvura diyabete?

Imyitozo ngororamubiri buri gihe ituma umubiri wumva insuline neza, igabanya isukari yo mu maraso kandi ifasha kugenzura ibiro.

11. Ni gute twateza imbere ubuzima bwiza bw’abarwaye diyabete?

Kugira isuzuma rya muganga buri gihe, kurya indyo yuzuye, kugenzura stress no gukora imyitozo ngororamubiri bifasha kuzamura ireme ry’ubuzima.

12. Ni kangahe abarwaye diyabete bagomba kugenzurwa na muganga?

Biterwa n’umuntu ku giti cye, ariko akenshi ni buri mezi 3-6. Iyo ibyago by’ingaruka biri hejuru, gukurikiranwa kenshi birakenewe.

Inkomoko

• Ishami ry’Umuryango w’Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima (World Health Organization - WHO), Diabetes Mellitus Guidelines

• Ishyirahamwe Mpuzamahanga rya Diyabete (International Diabetes Federation - IDF), Diabetes Atlas

• Ishyirahamwe ry’Abanyamerika ryita kuri Diyabete (American Diabetes Association - ADA), Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes

• Ikigo cy’Abanyamerika gishinzwe Kurwanya no Gukumira Indwara (CDC), Diabetes Publications

• New England Journal of Medicine, Diabetes-Related Research

• European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) Guidelines