Abubuwan Da Ya Kamata Ku Sani Game da Ciwon Kansar Jini (Leukemia)
Menene Leukemia?
Leukemia wata irin cutar daji ce da ke faruwa sakamakon yawaitar ƙwayoyin jini a cikin ƙashi mai laushi ba tare da tsari ko iko ba, wadda za a iya ganin ta a kowane rukuni na shekaru, amma musamman a cikin yara da manya masu shekaru sama da 50. Idan an gano cutar da wuri, nasarar magani tana ƙaruwa sosai. Saboda haka, gano alamomin leukemia da wuri da kuma fara magani cikin gaggawa yana da matuƙar muhimmanci.
Leukemia na faruwa ne sakamakon yawaitar ƙwayoyin asali na ƙashi mai laushi cikin sauri da rashin iko kafin su gama girma yadda ya kamata. Wannan yanayi na farko yana shafar ƙashi mai laushi, daga bisani kuma yana iya bazuwa zuwa dukkan jiki. A cikin ƙashi mai laushi ake samar da jajayen ƙwayoyin jini (alyuvar), fararen ƙwayoyin jini (akyuvar), da ƙwayoyin da ke taimakawa daskarewar jini (trombosit). Musamman fararen ƙwayoyin jini suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kare jiki daga kamuwa da cututtuka da kuma ƙwayoyin da ke da halin zama daji.
Fararen ƙwayoyin jini ba a ƙashi mai laushi kaɗai ake samar da su ba, har ma a wasu sassa kamar ƙwayoyin lymph, hanta da thymus. Idan ba a magance leukemia ba, tana iya yin tsanani. Leukemias da ke da alaƙa da yawaitar akyuvar da suka gama girma yawanci suna tafiya a hankali; yayin da yawaitar akyuvar da ba su gama girma ba ke faruwa cikin sauri, cikin makonni ko watanni kaɗan, tare da alamomi masu tsanani.
Irin-Irin Leukemia
Leukemias ana raba su zuwa manyan rukuni biyu bisa saurin ci gabansu: akuut (mai saurin tafiya) da kuma na dindindin (mai tafiya a hankali). Akut leukemias suna bayyana da yawaitar ƙwayoyin jini cikin sauri da kuma alamomi masu zafi, yayin da nau'in dindindin ke tafiya a hankali har tsawon shekaru.
Dukkanin rukuni biyu ana ƙara raba su bisa nau'in fararen ƙwayoyin jinin da ke yawaita ba daidai ba:
Wanda ke samo asali daga ƙwayoyin myeloid ana kiran su da “leukemia myeloid”,
Wanda ke samo asali daga lymphocytes ana kiran su da “leukemia lymphoblastic (ko lymphocytic)”.
Akwai wasu nau'ikan leukemia da ba a cika samu ba (misali: leukemia myelomonocytic na yara, leukemia mai ƙwayoyin gashi).
Manyan nau'ikan leukemia guda huɗu da aka fi samu sune:
1. Akut Leukemia Lymphoblastic (ALL)
Shi ne nau'in leukemia da aka fi samu a cikin yara, amma ana iya ganin sa a cikin manya ma. A cikin marasa lafiya, fararen ƙwayoyin jini masu asali daga lymphocyte da ba su gama girma ba suna yawaita ba tare da iko ba. Yawan rayuwar masu ALL a cikin manya da yara yana bambanta bisa shekaru, lafiyar gaba ɗaya da yadda jiki ke amsa magani.
2. Akut Leukemia Myeloid (AML)
Yana faruwa ne sakamakon yawaitar ƙwayoyin myeloid ba tare da sun gama girma ba. Ana yawan ganin sa a cikin matasa da manya masu shekaru. Nasarar maganin AML na ƙaruwa tare da ci gaban hanyoyin magani na zamani.
3. Leukemia Lymphocytic na Dindindin (KLL)
Ana fi ganinsa a cikin manya, musamman masu shekaru sama da 60. A wannan nau'in, fararen ƙwayoyin jini masu asali daga lymphocyte da suka gama girma amma ba su da amfani suna taruwa a jiki suna hana ƙashi mai laushi da sauran sassa yin aiki yadda ya kamata.
4. Leukemia Myeloid na Dindindin (KML)
Ana fi samun KML a tsakanin masu shekaru 25-60, inda ƙwayoyin myeloid ke yawaita ba daidai ba. Sabbin magungunan da ke kai hari ga wasu kwayoyin halitta sun inganta yawan rayuwa da amsa ga magani.
Alamomin Leukemia
Alamomin leukemia na iya kama da na wasu cututtukan ƙashi mai laushi, kuma galibi sun haɗa da:
Kasala, fatar jiki mai haske, gajiya cikin sauƙi, wahalar numfashi (saboda ƙarancin jini)
Yawan kamuwa da cututtuka (saboda raunin garkuwar jiki)
Jini daga hanci, gumi ko ƙarƙashin fata ba tare da tsammani ba, tabo da ƙananan ƙuraje (petechiae)
Rashin sha'awar abinci, raguwar nauyi, zufa da dare
Dogon lokaci da zazzabin da ke tare da kamuwa da cuta
Ciwo a ƙashi da haɗin gwiwa
Ƙaruwar ƙwayoyin lymph a wuya, ƙugiya ko ƙasan hannu
Ƙumburi a fata ko ciki
Leukemia a Cikin Yara: Alamomi da Sakamako
Leukemia na daga cikin manyan nau'ikan cutar daji da ake samu a cikin yara, musamman masu shekaru 2-10. A cikin jarirai, kariyar da suke samu daga nonon uwa na raguwa da lokaci, garkuwar jikinsu kuma tana ci gaba da girma. Wasu cututtukan viral, gado da ƙarancin bitamin D na iya ƙara haɗarin kamuwa da leukemia a wannan lokaci.
Alamomin da ake yawan gani a cikin yara:
Fatar jiki mai matuƙar haske
Raguwar nauyi, rashin sha'awar cin abinci
Zazzabin da ke ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo ko maimaituwa
Tabo da ƙumburi a jiki
Ƙaruwar ciki da cika ciki
Ciwo a ƙashi ko haɗin gwiwa
Yayin da cutar ke ci gaba, bazuwar ƙwayoyin daji zuwa tsarin juyayi ko wasu sassa na iya haifar da ƙarin alamomi kamar ciwon kai, amai, da bugun zuciya ba daidai ba.
Abubuwan Da Ke Ƙara Haɗarin Leukemia
Leukemia na daga cikin manyan cututtukan daji a duniya, kuma ana samun ta a maza fiye da mata. Abubuwan haɗari na nau'ikan leukemia daban-daban suna bambanta:
Akut Leukemia Lymphoblastic (ALL)
Duk da cewa ba a san dukkanin dalilan ba, fuskantar hasken radiation mai yawa, wasu sinadarai (misali: benzene), samun maganin cutar daji a baya, wasu cututtukan viral (HTLV-1, Epstein–Barr virus), wasu cututtukan gado (Down syndrome, Fanconi anemia), na iya ƙara haɗarin ALL.
Akut Leukemia Myeloid (AML)
Canjin kwayoyin halitta, ƙaruwa da shekaru, shan taba, wasu cututtukan jini ko tarihin samun maganin cutar daji, Down syndrome sune sanannun abubuwan haɗarin AML.
Leukemia Lymphocytic na Dindindin (KLL)
Ba a san ainihin dalilin KLL ba. Duk da haka, tsufa, kasancewa namiji, fuskantar wasu sinadarai da tarihin KLL a cikin dangi na ƙara haɗari.
Leukemia Myeloid na Dindindin (KML)
KML galibi yana da alaƙa da canjin kwayoyin halitta da aka samu a rayuwa (ba daga gado ba). Wani canji na kwayoyin halitta da ake kira “Philadelphia chromosome” ana samu a mafi yawan marasa lafiya da KML, wanda ke haifar da yawaitar ƙwayoyin jini ba tare da iko ba a ƙashi mai laushi.
Yadda Ake Gano Leukemia
Manufar gano leukemia ita ce tantance kasancewar cutar, nau'inta da kuma yadda ta bazu a jiki. Matakan da ake bi wajen gano cutar sun haɗa da:
Tarihi da cikakken gwajin jiki: Ana duba fatar jiki mai haske da ke nuna ƙarancin jini, ƙaruwa a ƙwayoyin lymph ko wasu sassa, da canje-canje a fata.
Gwajin jini: Ana yin cikakken ƙididdigar jini, gwajin sinadarai, aikin hanta da gwajin daskarewar jini.
Yayyan jinin gefe: Ana amfani da shi don duba kasancewar ƙwayoyin jini marasa kyau a jini.
Gwajin ƙashi mai laushi (biopsy/aspiration): Don tabbatar da cutar, musamman a cikin nau'in akut, ana ɗaukar samfur daga ƙashi mai laushi don duba shi a ƙarƙashin na'ura mai ƙarfi.
Gwaje-gwajen kwayoyin halitta da na zamani: Musamman a cikin KML, ana bincika Philadelphia chromosome da canjin BCR-ABL.
Yin gwajin ƙashi mai laushi galibi ana yi ne ta ƙashin kwankwaso, kuma ana duba shi a dakunan gwaje-gwaje na musamman.
Me Ake Bayarwa a Maganin Leukemia?
Tsarin magani dole ne a tsara shi bisa nau'in leukemia da lafiyar gaba ɗaya ta mara lafiya, tare da haɗin gwiwar ƙwararrun likitoci a fannin cututtukan jini da na daji. A yau, manyan hanyoyin maganin leukemia sune:
Maganin Cutar Daji (Chemotherapy)
Ana amfani da magunguna daban-daban don kashe ƙwayoyin jini marasa kyau. Nau'in maganin da za a yi amfani da shi da yadda za a yi amfani da shi yana dogara da nau'in leukemia da yanayin mara lafiya.
Maganin Hasken Radiation (Radiotherapy)
Ana amfani da haske mai ƙarfi don kashe ƙwayoyin leukemia. Ana amfani da radiotherapy a wasu lokuta na musamman, ko kuma a matsayin shiri kafin dasa ƙwayoyin asali.
Magungunan Zamani da Na Kwayoyin Halitta
Sabbin magunguna da ke ƙarfafa garkuwar jiki ko kai hari ga ƙwayoyin daji (immunotherapy, magungunan kwayoyin halitta, magungunan zamani) suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a wasu nau'ikan leukemia. Misali, magungunan da ke hana aikin tyrosine kinase da aka ƙirƙira don KML sun kawo sauyi a maganin wannan cutar, kuma suna da ƙarancin illa idan aka kwatanta da chemotherapy.
Dasa Ƙwayoyin Asali (ƙashi mai laushi)
Wannan aikin, inda ake cire magudanar kasusuwa gaba ɗaya kuma a maye gurbinsa da ƙwayoyin asali masu lafiya, yana daga cikin mafi inganci a cikin zaɓuɓɓukan magani kuma ana aiwatar da shi ga marasa lafiya da suka dace. A lokacin aikin da bayan haka, ana iya ganin wasu tasirin gefe. Musamman matsaloli masu alaƙa da tsarin garkuwar jiki (misali, GVHD), lalacewar gabobi da haɗarin kamuwa da cuta ya kamata a kula da su. Saboda haka, aikin dasa magudanar kasusuwa ya kamata a yi shi a cibiyoyi masu ƙwarewa.
Magungunan Tallafi
Don rage haɗarin rashin jini, kamuwa da cuta da zubar jini da ke tattare da kemoterapi da sauran magunguna, ana buƙatar jinin jini, magungunan kariya daga kamuwa da cuta, idan ya zama dole, magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta da sauran magungunan tallafi.
Sakamakon sabbin hanyoyin magani, adadin rayuwa ga marasa lafiya da ke fama da sankarar jini ya ƙaru sosai a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Misali, a shekarun 1970, adadin rayuwa na shekaru 5 yana kusan kashi 30 cikin dari, amma bisa ga bayanan yau, tare da magani mai dacewa da gano cutar da wuri, an ruwaito cewa wannan adadi ya haura kashi 60 cikin dari.
Ka tuna; don gano cutar da wuri da kuma samun magani mai inganci, yana da matuƙar amfani ga ingancin rayuwa da ci gaban cutar idan aka garzaya cibiyar lafiya ba tare da ɓata lokaci ba idan an lura da alamun cutar.
Tambayoyin da Ake Yawan Yi
1. Shin sankarar jini tana da saurin yaduwa?
A'a, sankarar jini ba cuta ce mai yaduwa ba. Tana faruwa ne sakamakon sauye-sauyen kwayoyin halitta, abubuwan haɗari na muhalli da na mutum, kuma ba ta wuce daga mutum zuwa mutum ba.
2. Menene ke haddasa sankarar jini?
Yawanci ba a san ainihin dalilin sankarar jini ba. Amma abubuwan gado, wasu sinadarai, tasirin radiyo da wasu ƙwayoyin cuta na iya ƙara haɗarin kamuwa da ita.
3. Za a iya warkar da sankarar jini?
Yawancin nau'ikan sankarar jini, musamman idan an gano da wuri kuma an yi magani mai dacewa, ana iya shawo kansu ko kuma a kawar da su gaba ɗaya. Damar warkewa tana danganta da shekarun mara lafiya, yanayin lafiyarsa gaba ɗaya da nau'in sankarar jinin.
4. Marasa lafiya da sankarar jini suna iya rayuwa na tsawon lokaci?
Tsawon rayuwa a sankarar jini yana da alaƙa da nau'in cutar, lokacin da aka gano ta, amsa ga magani da halayen lafiyar mutum. A zamanin yau, tare da nasarar magunguna, ana iya samun dogon rayuwa.
5. Me yasa sankarar jini tafi yawan faruwa a yara?
Wasu halaye na gado da na tsarin garkuwar jiki a yara, idan sun haɗu da abubuwan muhalli, na iya haifar da sauƙin kamuwa da sankarar jini. Amma a mafi yawan yara, ba a iya gano ainihin dalili ba.
6. Shin dasa magudanar kasusuwa ya dace da kowa?
A'a, ba a ba da shawarar dasa magudanar kasusuwa ga kowane mara lafiya ba. Likitoci ne ke tantance dacewa bisa shekarun mara lafiya, yanayin lafiyarsa gaba ɗaya, ƙaramin nau'in cutar da sauran abubuwan lafiya.
7. Waɗanne cututtuka ne alamomin sankarar jini ke kama da su?
Sankarar jini; na iya rikicewa da wasu cututtukan kamuwa da cuta, nau'ikan rashin jini da sauran cututtukan jini. Ana amfani da cikakken gwajin jini da bincike mai zurfi don bambance cututtukan.
8. Shin akwai hanyoyin kariya daga sankarar jini?
Kodayake ba za a iya karewa gaba ɗaya ba, guje wa shan taba da sinadarai masu cutarwa, ɗaukar dabi'un rayuwa masu kyau da yin duba lafiyar kai tsaye na taimakawa wajen gano cutar da wuri.
9. Shin marasa lafiya da sankarar jini suna fi saurin kamuwa da cuta?
Eh, magudanar kasusuwa da tsarin garkuwar jiki suna shafa. Saboda haka, kula da tsafta, guje wa wuraren cunkoso da masu ɗauke da cuta, da ɗaukar matakan kariya idan ya zama dole yana da muhimmanci.
10. Shin ana samun zubar gashi a sankarar jini?
Wasu magungunan da ake amfani da su a lokacin magani (musamman kemoterapi) na iya haifar da zubar gashi. Wannan tasiri yawanci na ɗan lokaci ne kuma bayan magani gashi na iya sake fitowa.
11. Shin sankarar jini tana gadon iyaye ne?
A mafi yawan lokuta, ba a gado sankarar jini kai tsaye ba. Amma wasu cututtukan gado na iya ƙara haɗarin kamuwa da sankarar jini.
12. Me ya kamata a kula da shi yayin maganin sankarar jini?
Kare kai daga kamuwa da cuta, bin shawarwarin likita sosai, yin duba lafiyar kai tsaye da sanar da ƙungiyar lafiya game da tasirin gefe yana da muhimmanci.
Tushen Bayanai
Ƙungiyar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO): Leukemia
Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka da Rigakafi ta Amurka (CDC): Bayanan Marasa Lafiya da Leukemia
Ƙungiyar Ciwon Dauda ta Amurka: Binciken Leukemia
Ƙungiyar Hematology ta Turai: Ka'idojin Leukemia
Cancer Research UK: Nau'ikan da Maganin Leukemia