Yintso (Amathumbu) Umhlaza Yintoni? Zeziphi Iimpawu Zawo? Kutheni Ivela?
Colon (Amathumbu) Umhlaza: Iimpawu, Izizathu, Uvavanyo kunye neendlela zonyango
Umhlaza wamathumbu, sisifo esinzulu esivelayo kumathumbu amakhulu kunye nerektam, esichaphazela indawo ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yokugaya ukutya. Ngokuqhelekileyo, siqala ngokuba neepolipu kumphezulu wamathumbu eziguquka zibe ngumhlaza ngokuhamba kwexesha. Iimpawu zesifo, izizathu kunye nonyango zixhomekeke kwinqanaba lomhlaza kunye nempilo iyonke yomntu. Ukufunyanwa kwangethuba, njengakwezinye iintlobo zomhlaza, kubonelela ngelona thuba libalulekileyo ekulweni nomhlaza wamathumbu.
Yintoni Umhlaza Wamathumbu (Colon)?
Umhlaza wamathumbu, uvela kumathumbu amakhulu kwaye ungomnye weentlobo zomhlaza ezixhaphakileyo kwihlabathi jikelele. Esi sifo siqhelekile kubantu abangaphezu kweminyaka engama-50, kodwa sinokuthi sivele nakubani na. Xa sithetha ngolwakhiwo lwamathumbu amakhulu, malunga ne-1.5–2 yeemitha ubude, kwaye ahlulwa abe ziinxalenye ezimbini eziphambili: ikholon kunye nerektam. Irektam yinxalenye yokugqibela esondele kakhulu kwianusi, apho inkunkuma igcinwa khona phambi kokuba ikhutshelwe ngaphandle komzimba. Ikholon ibhekisa kwinxalenye ebanzi yamathumbu amakhulu engaphambi kwerektam. Emva kokuba ukutya kudlule kumathumbu amancinane kungene kwikholon, apha amanzi kunye neminerali zifunxwa, kwaye inkunkuma igcinwa kwirektam.
Umhlaza wamathumbu uqala kwiseli zomaleko wemukoza ogubungela ngaphakathi kwamathumbu amakhulu.
Umhlaza uhlala uvela kwezi ndawo zilandelayo;
Sigmoid colon (inxalenye yokugqibela emilise u-S) : Yinxalenye yamathumbu amakhulu edibanisa kwirektam. Le yeyona ndawo ixhaphakileyo. Apha, inkunkuma iba lukhuni ngakumbi, ngoko ke iiseli zihlala ixesha elide zichaphazeleka yinkunkuma, nto leyo enyusa umngcipheko.
Rektam : Yeyona nxalenye isondele kakhulu kwianusi. Umhlaza ophuhla kule ndawo ubizwa ngokuba umhlaza werektam, kodwa ngokuqhelekileyo kuthiwa “umhlaza wekolorektal.”
Ikholon ephumayo (ekunene): Yeyona ndawo yokuqala ifikelelwa yinkunkuma eselulwelo evela kumathumbu amancinane. Iitumor eziphuhla apha zihlala zibonisa iimpawu emva kwexesha, kuba inkunkuma iselulwelo. Ngenxa yoko, umhlaza wekholon yasekunene uhlala ufumaneka xa sele uphambili.
Ikholon ethe tye (transverse) : Yinxalenye ethe tye edibanisa ikholon yasekunene neyasekhohlo. Umhlaza unokuphuhliswa apha, kodwa akaxhaphakanga njengakwezinye iindawo.
Ikholon ehla (ekhohlo): Yinxalenye apho inkunkuma ihamba isiya kwianusi. Iitumor apha zihlala zibonisa iimpawu zokuqala ezifana nokungahambi kakuhle kwesisu, ukuncipha kobubanzi benkunkuma, okanye ukopha.
Malunga ne-40–50% yeziganeko zenzeka kwikholon ye-sigmoid kunye nerektam, malunga ne-20% kwikholon ephumayo (ekunene), kwaye eseleyo kwikholon ethe tye (transverse) kunye nehla (ekhohlo).
Yintoni Umhlaza WeKolorektal?
Umhlaza wekolorektal ubandakanya umhlaza ophuhla kokubini kwikholon kunye nerektam. Uvela kwicandelo elisezantsi lenkqubo yokugaya ukutya, ngenxa yokwanda okungaqhelekanga kweeseli. Uqhelekile ukuqala kwiipolipu ezilungileyo eziguquka zibe ngumhlaza ngokuhamba kwexesha. Xa umhlaza wekolorektal ufumaneka kwangethuba, amathuba onyango aphucuka kakhulu.
Zithini Iimpawu Zomhlaza Wamathumbu?
Umhlaza wamathumbu amaxesha amaninzi awubangeli zinkxalabo zibonakalayo kwangoko. Iimpawu ziqala ukubonakala xa itumor ikhula, kwaye zingasetyenziswa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
Iintlungu okanye imivimbo esiswini
Ukungahambi kakuhle kwesisu ixesha elide, ukungahambi rhoqo, okanye utshintsho kwindlela inkunkuma ephuma ngayo
Ukuba negazi kwinkunkuma okanye umbala omnyama (onjengetyeya) kwinkunkuma
Ukuphulukana nobunzima ngaphandle kwesizathu esicacileyo
Ukudinwa okungapheliyo kunye nokungabi namandla
Ukuziva isisu sigcwele okanye sikhukhumala
Ezi mpawu zinokubangelwa zezinye iingxaki zempilo. Ngenxa yoko, kubalulekile ukubonana nengcali yezempilo ngakumbi ukuba iingxaki zihlala ixesha elide okanye azicacanga.
Izizathu kunye Nemiba Emisela Umngcipheko Womhlaza Wamathumbu
Nangona unobangela ochanekileyo womhlaza wamathumbu ungaziwa ngokupheleleyo, kukho imiba emininzi echongiweyo:
Ubudala: Umngcipheko uyanda kubantu abangaphezu kweminyaka engama-50.
Imbali yosapho: Umngcipheko uphezulu kubantu abanabazali, abantakwabo okanye abantwana abaye bafunyanwa bene-colon cancer; kucetyiswa ukuqala uvavanyo lwangethuba.
Iipolipu: Iipolipu ezivelayo eludongeni lwamathumbu zinokuguquka zibe ngumhlaza ngokuhamba kwexesha, ngoko kubalulekile ukuba zifunyanwe kwaye ziphathwe.
Iziphene zemfuza: Iisindrom ezifana ne-Lynch syndrome (HNPCC) zinokunyusa umngcipheko.
Iingxaki ezosulelayo zamathumbu: Izifo ezihlala ixesha elide ezifana neCrohn’s disease kunye ne-ulcerative colitis zonyusa umngcipheko.
Indlela yokuphila: Ukutya okungaphantsi kwefayibha, okutyebileyo ngamafutha, ukutyeba kakhulu (obesity), ukungasebenzi komzimba, ukutshaya kunye nokusela utywala ngokugqithisileyo konyusa umngcipheko.
Ezinye iimeko zempilo: Isifo seswekile sohlobo lwesibini (type 2 diabetes) sikwanyusa umngcipheko womhlaza wamathumbu.
Umhlaza Wamathumbu Ufumaniswa Njani?
Kule mihla, iindlela zokujonga ngaphakathi (endoscopy) zibalulekile ekufumaneni iitumor zamathumbu amakhulu kunye nerektam. Indlela eqhelekileyo, i-colonoscopy, ivumela ukuba kujongwe ngqo ngaphakathi kwamathumbu kwaye iipolipu ezisolisayo zisuswe. Ukuqinisekisa, kwenziwa i-biopsy (ukuthatha isampuli yethishu ukuze ihlolwe phantsi kwe-microscope). Ukuvavanya umngcipheko wokwanda kwetumor okanye ukusasazeka (metastasis), kusetyenziswa neendlela zokufota ezifana ne-computed tomography (CT). Uvavanyo lwegazi elifihlakeleyo kwinkunkuma lusetyenziswa rhoqo njengesixhobo sokuhlola.
Imigangatho Yomhlaza Wamathumbu kunye NeeMpawu Ngokwemigangatho
Inqanaba 0 (Carcinoma in situ): Umhlaza useludongeni lwangaphakathi lwamathumbu kuphela. Ngokuqhelekileyo akukho mpawu zibonakalayo.
Inqanaba 1: Umhlaza ukwiimigangatho zangaphakathi zodonga lwamathumbu. Kungabakho iintlungu ezithambileyo esiswini, utshintsho kwindlela inkunkuma ephuma ngayo, okanye igazi elincinci kwinkunkuma.
Inqanaba 2: Itumor inokuba ingene ngaphaya kodonga lwamathumbu kodwa ayikafiki kwiindawo zamasela egazi (lymph nodes). Iintlungu esiswini, utshintsho olucacileyo kwindlela yokuphuma kwenkunkuma, ukuphulukana nobunzima kunye nokukhukhumala kungavela.
Inqanaba 3: Umhlaza usasazeke kwiindawo ezikufutshane zamasela egazi. Iintlungu esiswini, ukudinwa, ukungabi nomdla wokutya kunye negazi kwinkunkuma ziba zicacile ngakumbi.
Inqanaba 4: Umhlaza usasazeke kwiilungu ezikude ezifana nesibindi okanye umphunga (metastasis). Ukudinwa okukhulu, iintlungu ezingapheliyo esiswini, ukuvaleka kwamathumbu kunye nokuphulukana nobunzima ngokukhawuleza kungavela.
Kutheni Kuvela Umhlaza Wamathumbu?
Inkqubela yomhlaza wamathumbu ihlala iqala kwiipolipu ezilungileyo eziguquka zibe ngumhlaza ngokuhamba kwexesha. Utshintsho lwefuthe kwiiseli (genetic changes) luyadlala indima; kodwa nemeko-bume kunye nendlela yokuphila zibalulekile. Nangona unobangela ochanekileyo ungenakuchazwa, ukuphepha imiba emisela umngcipheko kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba kwiinkqubo zokuhlola kunokunceda ekuthinteleni.
Umhlaza Wamathumbu Uthatha Ixesha Elingakanani Ukuphuhlisa?
Umhlaza wamathumbu uhlala ukhula kancinci, ngexesha elide, iminyaka emininzi. Ukuguquka kwepolipu ibe ngumhlaza kuthatha iminyaka eli-10–15. Ngenxa yoko, ukuhlolwa rhoqo kubalulekile, ngakumbi kwabo bakumngcipheko ophezulu.
Iindidi Zomhlaza Wamathumbu
Uninzi lweemhlaza zamathumbu amakhulu luhlobo lwe-adenocarcinoma; ezi tumor zivela kwiiseli zeegland ezigubungela ngaphakathi kwamathumbu. Kuxhaphake kancinci ezinye iintlobo ezifana ne-lymphoma, sarcoma, carcinoid okanye i-gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST). Iindlela zovavanyo kunye nonyango ziyahluka ngokuxhomekeke kudidi lwetumor.
Iindlela Zonyango Lomhlaza Wamathumbu
Uonyango luhlelelwa umntu ngokweqanaba lesifo, imeko yakhe iyonke kunye neempawu zetumor. Kwinqanaba lokuqala, unyango lokuhlinzwa luhlala lanele; injongo kukususa iipolipu kunye nethishu enomhlaza. Ukuba siqhubeka...
kwimeko, kwezinye iimeko, unyango lwe-radiotherapy kunye namhlanje kwezinye izigulana, unyango olujolise kwithagethi okanye i-immunotherapy nako kunokongezwa. Ukulandela kunye nonyango kufuneka kulawulwe liqela leengcali.Utyando LweColon Cancer
Utyando luyindlela ephambili kunyango lwe-colon cancer. Inkqubo esetyenziswa ixhomekeke kwindawo yetumor kunye nokusasazeka kwayo; kwiimeko zokuqala, kunokukhutshwa kuphela i-polyp, ngelixa kwiimeko eziphambili kunokwenziwa i-partial colectomy (ukususwa kwenxalenye ye-colon kunye neenodules ze-lymph ezikufuphi). Ubungakanani botyando kunye nexesha lokubuyela kwimeko yesiqhelo kuxhomekeke kwinqanaba lesifo kunye nezinto zomntu ngamnye.
Iingozi Ezinokubakho Zotyelelo LweColon Cancer
Nanjengoko kunjalo kuyo yonke inkqubo yotyando, utyando lwe-colon cancer lunokuba neengozi kunye neengxaki ezithile. Phakathi kwazo kukho ukopha, ukwenzakala kwezitho (umzekelo, iindlela zokuchama, ibladdder, spleen, isibindi, i-pancreas okanye amathumbu), ukuvuleka kweendawo zokuthunga emathunjini, usulelo kwindawo yotyando kunye nomonakalo wezinzwa. Ezi ngozi zizanywa ukuncitshiswa ngokulandela isigulana kakuhle ngaphambi nasemva kotyando.
Izinto Ezingqalwayo Emva Kotyando
Emva kotyando, isigulana sinokufumana iintlungu eziphakathi okanye ezithambileyo, ngamanye amaxesha usulelo okanye ukopha. Amayeza acetyiswa ngugqirha asetyenziswa kwiintlungu kwaye i-antibiotics zinokunikwa ukukhusela usulelo. Ukukhuthaza ukuhamba kwegazi ngokuhamba (umzekelo, ukuhamba kwangethuba kunye nemithambo yomzimba) kunye nokusela amanzi ngokwaneleyo kubalulekile ekuthinteleni iingxaki. Kufuneka kulandelwe iingcebiso zikaGqirha kwaye kuqwalaselwe iingcebiso zokutya ngexesha lokuphilisa.
Inkqubo Yokuphilisa kunye Nexesha Lokuhlala Esibhedlele
Emva kotyando lwe-colon cancer, isigulana sinokuhlala esibhedlele phakathi kweentsuku ezi-5 ukuya kwezi-10. Emva kokukhutshwa esibhedlele, ukuphilisa kunokuthatha inyanga enye okanye ezimbini. Ngeli xesha, kubalulekile ukulandela iingcebiso zokutya, ukusetyenziswa kwamayeza rhoqo kunye nokungaphoswa kwiintlanganiso zokuhlola ukuze inkqubo ihambe kakuhle.
Yintoni Enokwenziwa Ukuthintela IColon Cancer?
Ukutya okutyebileyo ngefayibha kunye nokulinganisela, ukufumana i-calcium eyaneleyo kunye ne-vitamin D, ukugcina ubunzima obusempilweni, ukwenza umthambo rhoqo, ukuphepha ukutshaya kunye nokusela utywala ngokugqithisileyo zizinto ezibalulekileyo zokuthintela. Ingakumbi emva kweminyaka engama-50, ukuvavanywa rhoqo kunceda ukufumanisa isifo kwangethuba kwaye kuphucula iziphumo zempilo.
Ngubani Osemaphutheni EColon Cancer?
Kwihlabathi lonke, i-colon cancer ifumaneka rhoqo kubantu abangaphezu kweminyaka engama-50. Kwabo baneembali zosapho ye-colorectal cancer, kuvunyelwa ukuba baqale ukuvavanywa rhoqo besebancinci. Ukutya okune-fiber ephantsi kunye neprotheyini ephezulu, ukuswela i-vitamin D kunye neengxaki zempilo ezifana ne-diabetes ziye zakhankanywa kwizifundo ezahlukeneyo njengemiba eyonyusa umngcipheko.
Iintlungu zeColon Cancer zihlala zivakala phi?
Inokuziva kwicala elisezantsi okanye elisecaleni lesisu, ngamanye amaxesha njengentlungu yesisu esibanzi.
Ngaba I-Gaita Test Epositive Ibonisa IColon Cancer?
Ukuphuma kwegazi okungabonakaliyo kwisivavanyo sangasese kunokubonisa ukopha emathunjini, kubandakanya i-colon cancer. Ukuqinisekiswa kwesifo kufuna uphando olungakumbi.
Ngaba IColon Cancer Ingafunyanwa Nge-Ultrasound?
I-ultrasound ayisoloko yanele ekufumaneni i-cancer yangaphakathi emathunjini. Iindlela ezifana ne-colonoscopy kunye ne-CT zisebenza ngcono ekuxilongeni.
Ngaba Utyando LweColon Cancer Luyingozi?
Kukho imingcipheko ethile njengakuyo yonke inkqubo yotyando, kodwa ezi ngozi zinokuncitshiswa liqela elinamava kunye nokulandela okufanelekileyo.
Ngawaphi Amacandelo Kufuneka Uye Kuwo Xa UneColon (Amathumbu) Cancer?
Amacandelo e-General Surgery kunye/okanye i-Gastroenterology ngamagcisa ekufuneka uye kuwo ukuze ufumane uxilongo kunye nonyango.
Utyando LweColon Cancer Luthatha Ixesha Elingakanani?
Ixesha lincike kwindawo kunye nokusasazeka kwesifo, kodwa ngokuqhelekileyo lithatha phakathi kweeyure ezi-2 ukuya kwezi-3.
Ngaba IColon Cancer Inganyangwa Ngamayeza?
Kwiimeko eziphambili, unyango lwamayeza olufana ne-chemotherapy luyasetyenziswa. Kodwa kunyango lwezinga lokuqala, utyando luhlala luyindlela ephambili.
Ngaba IColon Cancer Yimfuza?
Kubantu abaneembali zosapho ye-colon cancer, umngcipheko uphezulu ngenxa yokufumana ifuzo, kodwa ayizizo zonke iimeko ezimfuziswayo.
Ngaba IColon Cancer Inokuphinda Ibuye?
Kubalulekile ukulandela isigulana rhoqo emva konyango. Kwezinye iimeko, isifo sinokuphinda, ngoko kufuneka kulandelwe iingcebiso zikaGqirha.
Ngaba IColon Cancer kunye neRectum Cancer Ziyafana?
Nangona i-colon kunye ne-rectum cancer zineempawu ezifanayo, unyango kunye nendlela yokujongana nazo ziyahluka ngokweendawo ezichaphazelekayo. Zombini zidityaniswa njenge "colorectal cancer"
Imithombo
I-World Health Organization (WHO) – Iphepha Lolwazi Nge-Colorectal Cancer
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/colorectal-cancer
I-American Cancer Society – Imigaqo-nkqubo ye-Colorectal Cancer
I-European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO) – Imigaqo-nkqubo Yonyango lwe-Colorectal Cancer
I-US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) – Ulwazi Nge-Colorectal Cancer
The Lancet, New England Journal of Medicine – Uphando Lwangoku Nge-Colorectal Cancer
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