Izifo Ezibangelwa Ukuqokelelana Kweprotein Engaqhelekanga Engqondweni: Isifo SeMad Cow kunye Neziphumo Zaso Kwimpilo Yomntu
Yintsholongwane yeMad Cow yintoni?
Iingxaki ezibangelwa kukuqokelelana kweeprotheyini ezingaqhelekanga ebuchotsheni zinokubangela umonakalo omkhulu kwinkqubo yemithambo-luvo ephakathi. Yintsholongwane yeMad Cow, egama layo lezonyango lingu "bovine spongiform encephalopathy", nangona ihlala ifumaneka kwiinkomo, inokuba nefuthe elibanzi kunokuba kucingwa. Uphando olwenziweyo lubonise ukuba isifo iCreutzfeldt-Jakob (CJD) esivela ebantwini sifana ngokwe-bhayoloji nesifo seMad Cow. Ngenxa yoko, ithathwa njengesifo esilandelwa ngononophelo kwihlabathi liphela kwaye sibalulekile kwimpilo yezilwanyana nakwimpilo yoluntu.
Ulwazi Jikelele Ngesifo seMad Cow
I-Bovine spongiform encephalopathy sisifo esibulala iintsholongwane kwiinkomo. Esi sifo ekuqaleni sasicingelwa ukuba sixhaphake kuphela kwizilwanyana, kodwa kwiminyaka edlulileyo kufunyenwe ukuba sinxulumene nesifo iCreutzfeldt-Jakob ebantwini (ingakumbi uhlobo olutsha, vCJD). Izifundo ezininzi zenzululwazi zibonisa ukuba kukho umngcipheko wokosuleleka ebantwini ngokutya amalungu ezilwanyana agulayo, ngakumbi amalungu emithambo-luvo. Ingcambu yesifo kukuqokelelana kweeprotheyini ezingaqhelekanga ezibizwa ngokuba ziiprion ebuchotsheni nakwamanye amalungu. Oku kuqokelelana kungakhokelela kumonakalo oqhubekayo kwiiseli zemithambo-luvo, ekuqaleni kubonakale iimpawu ezifana notshintsho kwindlela yokuziphatha okanye buthathaka bemisipha, emva koko kube kukulahleka kwememori okuqhubekayo kunye nokuphulukana namandla okuqonda.
Izinto Ezibangela Isifo seMad Cow
Isifo seMad Cow sivela xa iiprion, eziqhelekileyo zingeyongozi, zitshintsha zibe ziiprotheyini ezingaqhelekanga nezityhefu. Ezi protheyini zibizwa ngokuba ziiprion, zinokuziphindaphinda kwaye zonakalise ezinye iiprotheyini zomzimba, zize ziwosulele. Ngokwahlukileyo kwiintsholongwane, iiprion azinazinto eziphilayo zegciwane; indlela yesifo iqala xa ulwakhiwo lweprotheyini yomntu luguquka ngendlela engalunganga. Ezi prion zingaqhelekanga xa zifika kwinkqubo yokugaya okanye yokuzikhusela, ngakumbi kumalungu emithambo-luvo, ziqokelela kwiiseli zemithambo-luvo, ngakumbi ebuchotsheni, kwaye zisisiseko sokuphulukana nemisebenzi ebalulekileyo. Izifo ezibangelwa ziiprion zinqabile kodwa zinzima kakhulu kwizilwanyana nakubantu. Isifo iCreutzfeldt-Jakob esivela ebantwini sesona sifundo sixhaphake kakhulu kwiqela leziphumo zeprion. Umahluko obalulekileyo kukuba izifo zeprion azibangelwa zintsholongwane okanye ziibhaktheriya, kodwa zibangelwa kukugoba okungachanekanga kweeprotheyini zomntu.
Iimpawu Ezibonakala KwiMad Cow
Izifo ezinxulumene nokuqokelelana kweprion ezingaqhelekanga ebuchotsheni zihlala ziqhuba kancinci kwaye zifihlakele. Iimpawu zingahluka ngokohlobo lwesifo kunye neempawu zeprion.
Sporadic CJD: Luhlobo oluqhelekileyo. Iimpawu zihlala ziba nzima ngokukhawuleza kwaye zingakhokelela kwiingxaki ezinzulu kwinkqubo yemithambo-luvo kwiinyanga ezimbalwa. Kwangethuba kungavela ukungazinzi, ubunzima ekuthetheni, ukungaphatheki kakuhle, imvakalelo yokubethwa ziinaliti, isiyezi kunye neengxaki zokubona.
Variant okanye variable CJD: Iimpawu zengqondo zihlala zibonakala kuqala. Ukudakumba, uxinzelelo lwengqondo, ukuzahlula kwezentlalo, iingxaki zokulala kunye nokungazinzi kwengqondo zingavela. Njengoko isifo siqhubeka, ilahleko yemisebenzi yemithambo-luvo ingongezwa ngokukhawuleza.
Familial (Genetic) CJD: Kolu hlobo lubangelwa lilifa lemfuza, iimpawu zihlala ziqala kwiminyaka esencinci kwaye ziqhube kancinci.
Ngokubanzi, njengoko isifo siqhubeka, kulahleka ulawulo lomzimba, imisipha iyazunguzisa, ubunzima ekuginyeni, iingxaki zokubona nokuthetha, kunye nokulahleka kwememori, ukungabi nankathalo, ukudideka kunye nokungazinzi kwengqondo.
Uhlolo Lwesifo seMad Cow Lwenziwa Njani?
Abaguli abaneengxaki ezinxulumene nenkqubo yemithambo-luvo bahlolwa ngugqirha we-neurology. Ukuze kungadidanwa nezinye izifo ezihamba ngendlela efanayo (umzekelo, iParkinson okanye iAlzheimer), kufuneka uphicotho olubanzi kunye novavanyo. Iindlela ezinceda ekufumaneni isifo zezi:
Imaging ye-MRI yengqondo ukufumanisa utshintsho lolwakhiwo
Electroencephalography (EEG) ukuvavanya umsebenzi wombane ebuchotsheni
Kwiimeko ezithile, kuthathwa isampulu yengqondo (biopsy) ukuze ihlolwe kwilabhoratri
Ukuthatha isampulu yengqondo yinkqubo enobungozi, ngoko isetyenziswa kuphela xa ezinye iindlela zovavanyo zinganiki ziphumo ezicacileyo, okanye xa kufuneka ukwahlula phakathi kwezifo ezahlukeneyo.
Ulawulo kunye Neendlela Zonyango Kwisifo seMad Cow
Okwangoku, akukho nyango lukhoyo olunokuphelisa ngokupheleleyo isifo seMad Cow (BSE okanye vCJD ebantwini). Iindlela zonyango ezikhoyo zijolise ekunciphiseni iimpawu zomguli nasekuphuculeni umgangatho wobomi, hayi ekumisini isifo. Iimpawu ezifana nokudakumba kunye noxinzelelo lwengqondo zinokunyuselwa ngengcebiso yezengqondo kunye namayeza xa kufuneka. Iintlungu zemisipha kunye nezinye iintlungu zomzimba zinokunyuselwa ngamayeza okunciphisa iintlungu. Njengoko isifo siqhubeka, abagulayo abakwazi ukuzinyamekela, ngoko kufuneka bafumane uncedo lokutya kunye nococeko. Xa kubakho ubunzima ekuginyeni, unyango olukhethekileyo lokutya kunye nenkxaso yokunyamekela abagulayo kubalulekile. Unyango lokuphelisa iintlungu (palliative care) lujolise ekunciphiseni iimpawu, ukunceda abagulayo bajongane noxinzelelo, kunye nokuqinisekisa intuthuzelo yomguli kumjikelo wokugqibela wesifo.
Uhlalutyo Ngokujonga Ihlabathi Jikelele
Isifo seMad Cow kunye nezifo zeprion ezinxulumene nabantu zinqabile kwihlabathi liphela kodwa zilandelwa ngokungqongqo ngenxa yobungozi bazo kwimpilo yoluntu. Amazwe amaninzi alawula ngokungqongqo ukuhamba kweemveliso ezisengozini ezivela kwizilwanyana kwaye asebenzisa amanyathelo okhuselo kwimpilo yoluntu. Xa kusolakala isifo seprion, kubalulekile ukuba abantwana nabantu bafumane inkxaso kwiziko lezempilo elikhethekileyo.
Imibuzo Ebuziwa Rhoqo
1. Yintoni isifo seMad Cow?
Isifo seMad Cow sisifo esibulala iintsholongwane esivela kukuqokelelana kweeprotheyini ezingaqhelekanga ezibizwa ngokuba ziiprion ebuchotsheni, kwaye siqhelekile kwiinkomo. Uhlobo olufumaneka ebantwini lubizwa ngokuba yiCreutzfeldt-Jakob.
2. Isifo seMad Cow singosulela njani ebantwini?
Kukholelwa ukuba singosulela ebantwini ngokutya iimveliso ezivela kwiinkomo ezigulayo eziqulathe ingqondo okanye amalungu emithambo-luvo. Nangona kunjalo, umngcipheko wokosuleleka uncitshiswe ngamanyathelo okhuseleko oluqinileyo kumashishini okutya kunye nezolimo kumazwe amaninzi.
3. Zithini iimpawu zesi sifo?
Ekuqaleni, isifo sinokubonakala ngokudakumba, ukungaziphathi kakuhle, buthathaka bemisipha kunye neengxaki zokulinganisela. Njengoko siqhubeka, kulahleka ulawulo lomzimba, iingxaki zokubona nokuthetha, ukulahleka kwememori kunye nokuphazamiseka okukhulu kokucinga kungavela.
4. Ngaba isifo iCreutzfeldt-Jakob siyafana nesifo seMad Cow?
Uhlobo lweCreutzfeldt-Jakob olufumaneka ebantwini, ngakumbi uhlobo olutsha (vCJD), luthathwa njengohlobo olubangelwa yi-prion enxulumene nesifo seMad Cow, kodwa iCJD yesiqhelo kunye neBSE zingavela kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo.
5. Ngaba isifo seMad Cow siyanyangeka?
Okwangoku, akukho nyango lukhoyo olunokumisa okanye ukuphelisa esi sifo. Unyango lujolise ekunciphiseni iimpawu nasekuphuculeni umgangatho wobomi bomguli.
6. Ngaba isifo seMad Cow sisongela wonke umntu?
Esi sifo sinqabile kakhulu kwaye sicingelwa ukuba sixhaphake ngakumbi kubantu abatya iimveliso ezisengozini ezivela kwizilwanyana. Amanyathelo okhuselo kumazwe amaninzi anciphise kakhulu umngcipheko wokosuleleka.
7. Ziziphi iimvavanyo ezenziwayo ukuze kufunyanwe isifo?
Ngokuqhelekileyo, kuvavanywa imeko yemithambo-luvo, i-MRI, i-EEG kunye novavanyo lwemisebenzi yengqondo. Kwezinye iimeko, kuthathwa isampulu yengqondo (biopsy) ukuze kufunyanwe isifo ngokucacileyo.
8. Ngaba esi sifo siyosulela?
Izifo zeprion azosuleli lula ukusuka kumntu ukuya komnye. Kodwa kukho umngcipheko wokosuleleka ngokusebenzisa amalungu agulayo okanye izixhobo zonyango ezichukumisa ngqo inkqubo yemithambo-luvo.
9. Ukuba kukho isifo seprion kusapho, ngaba umngcipheko uyanda?
Kwiintlobo ezidluliselwa ngemfuza, umngcipheko unganda. Izifo zeprion ezidluliselwa ngemfuza zingaqala kwiminyaka esencinci kwaye ziqhube kancinci.
10. Umguli unyanjelwa njani?
Njengoko isifo siqhubeka, kufuneka uncedo lokunyamekela, ukutya kunye nococeko. Kucetyiswa ukuba kufunyanwe uncedo kwiqela leengcali kunye nonyango lokuphelisa iintlungu (palliative care).
11. Yintoni isantya sokuxhaphaka kweBSE kunye neCJD kwihlabathi liphela?
Zizifo ezinqabileyo kakhulu, kodwa zinokubangela iziphumo ezinzulu kakhulu. Amazwe amaninzi aqhuba uhlolo rhoqo lweemveliso zezilwanyana kunye nokhuseleko lokutya.
12. Ngaba kunokwenzeka ukuthintela isifo sengqondo esingaqhelekanga?
Ulawulo olungqongqo lweemveliso zezilwanyana kunye nokutya kwezilwanyana, kunye nokususwa kwamalungu ezilwanyana anobungozi ekutyeni kwabantu, kuye kwanciphisa kakhulu umngcipheko wokosuleleka.
13. Ngaba intloko ebuhlungu okanye buthathaka kwemisipha kuthetha ukuba kukho umngcipheko wesifo seprion?
Hayi. Ezi mpawu zinokubonakala kwezinye izifo ezininzi. Ingakumbi ukuba kukho ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo okukhawulezayo kunye nokulahleka kwemisebenzi yokucinga, kubalulekile ukubonana nogqirha.
14. Yintoni efunekayo ukuze kufumaneke isiqinisekiso sesifo?
Uninzi lwamaxesha, imiphumo yezonyango, imifanekiso kunye novavanyo lwelabhoratri zanele; kodwa kwiimeko ezithile, i-biopsy ingacetyiswa. Uvavanyo lweengcali luyimfuneko.
15. Ndingenza ntoni ukukhusela kum esi sifo?
Kucetyiswa ukuba ulandele iingcebiso zeziphathimandla zempilo, ukhethe ukutya okukhuselekileyo kwaye uphephe iimveliso zezilwanyana ezisolisayo.
Imithombo
Umbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi (WHO): Izifo zePrion
Iziko loLawulo kunye noThintelo lweZifo (CDC): I-Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) & Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD)
Igunya lezeKhuselelo lokuTya laseYurophu (EFSA): I-BSE kunye nezifo zeprion kwizilwanyana nakubantu
Prusiner SB. Prions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 1998
Ulawulo lokuTya kunye neZiyobisi laseMelika (FDA): Ulwazi lwe-BSE & vCJD