Mate Huka (Mate Rongoā Huka): Ōna Tohu, Ngā Pūtake me te Whakahaere
He aha te Mate Huka?
Ko te mate huka, e mōhiotia whānuitia ana i waenga i te iwi hei mate huka, he mate pūmau o te pūnaha metabolism e tere haere ana i ēnei rā, ā, he take nui mō ngā raruraru hauora taumaha. Nā te whānuitanga o te putanga o tēnei mate puta noa i te ao, kua whakaarohia hei raruraru nui mō te hauora tūmatanui. Ko te ingoa katoa o te mate huka, arā, "Diabetes Mellitus", nō te reo Kariki e kīia ana ko te "urine huka"; nā tēnei ingoa i takea mai i te putanga mai o te huka i te mimi o te tangata e mate ana, kāore e kitea i te tangata hauora. I te pakeke hauora, ko te taumata huka toto i te wā kai kore e noho ana i waenga i te 70-100 mg/dL, ā, ki te piki tonu tēnei uara, ka whakaarohia te mate huka.
Te Tikanga Whanaketanga o te Mate Huka
Ko te mate huka, i te nuinga o te wā, nā te kore a te tinana e whakaputa i te homoni insūrin i te nui tika, i te kore rānei e taea te whakamahi tika i te insūrin e wātea ana. Ko te insūrin he homoni tino hira e tukuna ana e te pākākā, ā, ko tāna he kawe i te huka i te toto ki ngā kiko o te tinana. He maha ngā momo o te mate huka; ko te momo tino whānui ko te Mate Huka Momo 2. Ko te Mate Huka Momo 2 ka kitea nuitia i te pakeke, otirā i muri i te 40 tau. Ahakoa ka whakaputa insūrin te pākākā i tēnei momo, ka puta te aukati o ngā pūtau ki te insūrin, kāore hoki te tinana e taea te whakahaere tika i te metabolism huka. Ka piki te huka toto, ā, ka ara ake ngā raruraru hauora rerekē.
He Aha Ngā Tohu o te Mate Huka?
He mate puhoi te mate huka, ā, he maha ngā tāngata kāore e mōhio ki ngā amuamu i te tīmatanga. Heoi, i te pikinga o te taumata huka toto, ka puta ngā tohu e whai ake nei:
Te haere mimi i ngā wā katoa
Te hiahia kai nui ahakoa kāore e makona
Te tino hiainu me te maroke o te waha
Te ngaronga taumaha ohorere
Te ngenge me te ngoikore
Te rangirua o te kite
Te rongo i te hē, te koretake rānei i ngā waewae, ringaringa
Te pōturi o te rongoā i ngā whara
Te maroke me te pirau o te kiri
Te kakara pēnei i te aseton i te waha
Kāore pea e kitea katoatia ēnei tohu ki ia tangata. Ina kitea ngā amuamu, he mea nui kia toro ki tētahi whare hauora kia arotakengia te taumata huka toto.
Ngā Pūtake Matua o te Mate Huka
I te putanga mai o te mate huka, ka whai wāhi ngā āhuatanga ira me ngā āhuatanga taiao e pā ana ki te āhua noho. Ko ngā momo e rua tino kitea; ko te Mate Huka Momo 1 me te Momo 2. Ko te Mate Huka Momo 1 ka tīmata i te nuinga o te wā i te tamarikitanga, i te taiohitanga rānei, ā, ka ngaro te kaha o te pākākā ki te whakaputa insūrin. I tēnei āhuatanga; ko te āhuatanga ira, ngā mate o te pūnaha ārai mate me ētahi mate huaketo ka taea te whakangaro i te pākākā.
Ko te Mate Huka Momo 2 ka kitea nuitia i te pakeke, nā ngā āhuatanga mōrearea e whai ake nei:
Te momona, te raru taumaha nui rānei
Te hītori mate huka i roto i te whānau
Te iti o te korikori tinana me te noho noho
Te pakeke
Te pānga roa o te pēhanga hinengaro
Te putanga o te mate huka hapūtanga, te whānau rānei i te pēpi taumaha nui
He Aha Ngā Momo Mate Huka?
Ka whakarōpūhia te mate huka ki ngā momo rerekē:
Mate Huka Momo 1: Ka tīmata i te nuinga o te wā i te taiohitanga, kāore te tinana e whakaputa insūrin. Me rongoā insūrin hei whakaora.
Mate Huka Momo 2: Ka kitea nuitia i te pakeke. Ka kore ngā pūtau e aro ki te insūrin.
Mate Huka Aunoa Latent i te Pakeke (LADA): He momo mate huka aunoa ka tīmata i te pakeke, ā, he maha ka hiahiatia te insūrin hei rongoā.
Mate Huka Maturity Onset o te Rangatahi (MODY): He momo mate huka ka tīmata i te taiohitanga, he tuku ira.
Mate Huka Hapūtanga: Ka puta anake i te wā hapū, ā, i ētahi wā ka noho pūmau hei mate huka.
Hei tāpiri, he wā nui hoki te wā Prediyabet (huka huna). I tēnei wā, ka piki ake te taumata huka toto i te paerewa, engari kāore e ea mō te tohu mate huka. Ka taea te whakahaere i te prediyabet mā te kai hauora me te panoni āhua noho, kia kore e huri hei mate huka.
Me Pēhea te Whakamana i te Mate Huka?
Ko ngā tikanga e whakamahia whānuitia ana hei kimi i te mate huka, ko ēnei:
Mēnā ka eke te whakamātautau huka toto kai kore ki te 126 mg/dL, neke atu rānei, ka whakaarohia te mate huka.
I te Oral Glukoz Tolerans Test (OGTT), mēnā ka eke te taumata huka i muri i te 2 hāora ki te 200 mg/dL neke atu, he mate huka; mēnā kei waenga i te 140-199 mg/dL, he prediyabet pea.
Ko te whakamātautau HbA1c e whakaatu ana i te toharite huka toto o ngā marama e toru kua pahure, ā, mēnā kei runga ake i te 6.5%, he tohu tautoko mō te mate huka.
Hei whiwhi i ngā hua tika i ngā whakamātautau, me whai i ngā tohutohu a te rata.
Te Hiranga o te Kai i te Whakahaere Mate Huka
Hei whakahaere tika i te mate huka, me whai i tētahi rārangi kai taurite. Me mahi tahi te tangata mate huka me te mātanga kai me tōna rata ki te whakarite mahere kai motuhake e hāngai ana ki ōna hiahia. Ko ngā mātāpono matua ko ēnei:
Me whakanui i ngā witi katoa, huawhenua me ngā hua rākau hou
Me whiriwhiri i ngā kai he iti te hinu me te kaorori, engari he nui te uara kai
Me whakahaere i te rahi o ngā wā kai me ngā haora kai auau
Me karo i te huka whakangao me ngā kai tino tukatuka
Ko te kai auau, ehara i te mea hei taurite i te huka toto anake, engari hei whakaiti hoki i te taumaha tinana me ngā tūraru mate manawa. I te Mate Huka Momo 2, ka tino whai hua te ngaronga taumaha ki te whakahaere huka toto me te hiahia rongoā. Ina hiahiatia, ka taea te whakamahi i ngā tikanga rongoā mō te momona (hei tauira, pōro puku, pokanga bariatric, me ērā atu); me waiho mā te rata te whakatau mō te tika o ēnei mahi.
Ngā Kai Hauora ka Pai mō te Hunga Mate Huka
Ngā Ika Hinu: Ko te hāmana, sardine, herring, mackerel me te trout he nui te omega-3; he pai mō te hauora manawa, ka taea te kai kia rua neke atu i te wiki.
Ngā Huawhenua Kākāriki Rau: Ko te spinach, kale, rētihi me te brokoli he puna huaora me ngā kohuke, kāore e pā kino ki te huka toto.
Awokādo: He nui ngā waikawa hinu momona kotahi, he nui hoki te muka, me kai i te rahinga tika.
Heihei: Ka whakanui i te kī o te makona, he nui te pūmua.
Pī me ngā Pākawhā: Nā te nui o te muka me te pūmua, ka whakapai i te taurite huka toto.
Miraka Kē: He pūmua me te probiotics, ka tautoko i te hauora puku, ka whai pānga pai ki te urupare glycemic.
Ngā Nati: Ko te wānati me te nati he puna hinu hauora, ka whakaiti i te tūraru mate manawa.
Broccoli: He huawhenua iti te kaorori, he nui te muka me ngā kohuke.
Hinu Oriwa: Nā te nui o te hinu momona kotahi, he tiaki mō te hauora manawa.
Kākano Kētana: Nā te omega-3 me te muka, ka āwhina ki te whakaiti i te cholesterol me te whakahaere huka toto.
He Aha te Huka Huna (Prediyabet) me te Pehea e Mōhiotia ai?
Ko te huka huna, arā, prediyabet, he wā kei runga ake te taumata huka toto i te paerewa, engari kāore i te rahi hei tohu mate huka. He wā tēnei e tino mōrearea ana kia huri hei Mate Huka Momo 2. Ahakoa kāore pea e puta he amuamu mārama, ka kitea pea te hiahia kai reka, te ngenge ohorere me te hiamoe i muri i te kai. Ka kitea mā ngā whakamātautau huka toto kai kore me te kai makona. I tēnei wā, ka taea te aukati i te whanaketanga mā te panoni āhua noho.
Hea Ngā Tikanga Rongoā mō te Mate Huka?
Ka rerekē te tukanga rongoā o te mate huka i runga i te momo o te mate. I te Mate Huka Momo 1, me rongoā insūrin mō te roanga o te oranga. Hei tāpiri, ka mahia he mahere kai motuhake me te mātanga kai, ā, i ētahi tangata ka taea te whakarite i te rahinga insūrin mā te tatau warowaihā.
I te Mate Huka Momo 2, i te nuinga o te wā, ko te huringa āhua noho, te kai me te korikori tinana te rongoā tuatahi. Ina hiahiatia, ka whakamahia ngā rongoā ā-waha hei whakapiki i te aro o ngā pūtau ki te insūrin, hei tautoko rānei i te tukunga insūrin (oral antidiyabetics). I ētahi tangata, ka hiahiatia te rongoā insūrin.
I te tukanga rongoā, mēnā ka piki te huka toto mō te wā roa, ka puta he whara pūmau ki ngā io, whatukuhu me ngā karu, nō reira he mea nui te aroturuki auau a te rata.
Ngā Pātai Auau
1. Me pēhea taku whakaiti i te mōrearea o te mate huka?
Ko te kai taurite, te whakahaere i te taumaha, te mahi hākinakina auau, te karo i te kai paipa me te inu waipiro nui ka āwhina ki te whakaiti i te mōrea.
2. Ka taea te ārai i te huringa mai i te mate o mua ki te mate huka?
Āe, mā te whakaheke taumaha, te kai hauora me te mahi korikori tinana ka taea te ārai, te whakaroa rānei i te huringa o te mate o mua ki te mate huka.
3. He aha ngā whakamātautau hei tautuhi i te mate huka?
Ka whakamahia ngā whakamātautau taiwhanga pēnei i te huka toto ānau, te whakamātautau manawanui huka ā-waha (OGTT), me te HbA1c hei tautuhi.
4. He rongoā pūmau mō te mate huka?
He mate mauroa te mate huka. Ahakoa kāore e taea te whakakore katoatia, mā te rongoā whaihua ka taea te whakahaere i te huka toto me te ārai i ngā raruraru.
5. He aha ngā rerekētanga matua i waenga i te mate huka Momo 1 me te Momo 2?
Ka tīmata te mate huka Momo 1 i te wā o te tamarikitanga, kāore te tinana e whakaputa insulini. Ka kitea te mate huka Momo 2 i te hunga pakeke, ā, he ātete ngā pūtau ki te insulini.
6. He whai hua ngā tikanga rongoā kore-rongoā i te maimoatanga mate huka?
He tino whai hua te kai, te korikori tinana me te panonitanga āhua noho, otirā i te mate huka Momo 2 i te wā tōmua, ā, i ētahi wā ka hiahiatia anō te rongoā.
7. Ka pā te mate huka ki ngā wāhine hapū?
Āe, ka puta te mate huka hapūtanga, ā, me whai i te tirotiro me te maimoatanga mō te oranga o te whaea me te pēpi.
8. He aha ngā tohu tōmua o ngā raruraru mate huka?
Ko te rongo kore i ngā waewae, te ngaro o te kite, te ngoikore o ngā whatukuhu me ngā mate manawa-awa ka tohu pea i ngā raruraru.
9. He aha ngā kai me aukati e te hunga mate huka?
E taunaki ana kia aukatihia te huka whakakāhoretia, ngā kai parāoa mā, ngā kai parai me ngā kai momona rawa, ngā inu waipiro me te tote.
10. He pēhea te mahi a te korikori tinana i te maimoatanga mate huka?
Ka whakapiki te korikori tinana auau i te tairongo ki te insulini, ka whakaiti i te huka toto, ā, ka āwhina ki te whakahaere taumaha.
11. Me pēhea te whakapiki i te kounga oranga o te hunga mate huka?
Mā te tirotiro hauora auau, te kai hauora, te whakahaere i te māharahara me te korikori tinana tika ka taea te whakapiki i te kounga oranga.
12. He pēhea te auau o te tirotiro rata mō te mate huka?
Ahakoa ka rerekē i runga i te tangata, e taunaki ana kia tirohia ia 3-6 marama. Mēnā he nui te mōrea o ngā raruraru, me mātakitaki ake.
Ngā Rauemi
Te Whakahaere Hauora o te Ao (World Health Organization - WHO), Ngā Aratohu Mate Huka
Te Rōpū Mate Huka o te Ao (International Diabetes Federation - IDF), Diabetes Atlas
Te Rōpū Mate Huka o Amerika (American Diabetes Association - ADA), Ngā Paerewa Tiaki Hauora i te Mate Huka
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Ngā Pukapuka Mate Huka
New England Journal of Medicine, Rangahau e pā ana ki te Mate Huka
Ngā Aratohu o te Rōpū Pākehā mō te Akoranga Mate Huka (EASD)