Umhlaza Webele: Ulwazi Oluhlaziyiweyo, Uvavanyo, Unyango kunye Nobaluleko boVavanyo Lwangethuba

Umhlaza webele, sesinye sezona umhlaza ezixhaphakileyo kubasetyhini kwihlabathi liphela kwaye yingxaki ebalulekileyo kwimpilo yoluntu. Nangona inqanaba lokubonakala kwawo lingahluka kumazwe nakwiintlanga ezahlukeneyo, ngokophando lwamva nje, malunga nekota yesine yomhlaza ofunyenwe kubasetyhini ibangelwa ngumhlaza webele. Inxalenye ebalulekileyo yokusweleka okubangelwa ngumhlaza kubasetyhini nayo ibangelwa sesi sifo. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yenkqubela phambili kwiindlela zokuxilonga kunye nonyango lwale mihla, kufumaneka iziphumo ezinethemba ekulweni nomhlaza webele. Ingakumbi ngenxa yokuxilongwa kwangethuba, amathuba onyango kunye nomgangatho wobomi anyuka kakhulu.

Yintoni Umhlaza Webele?

Umhlaza webele sisifo esivelayo ngenxa yokwanda okungaqhelekanga kweeseli kwithishu yebele. Olu lwando luhlala luqala kwiindlela zobisi okanye kwiigland zobisi kwaye ekuhambeni kwexesha lunokubangela ukudumba. Ezi dumba zihlala zifumaneka xa kuphononongwa ngesandla, nto leyo enokwenza ukuba umhlaza webele ufumaneke kwangethuba xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iintlobo zomhlaza. Xa kufunyenwe kwangethuba, amathuba onyango asebenzayo aphezulu kakhulu.

Iimpawu Ezixhaphakileyo Zomhlaza Webele

Umhlaza webele ngamanye amaxesha unokuhamba ixesha elide ungabonisi mpawu. Nangona kunjalo, ezi mpawu zilandelayo zinokubonakala kumaxesha ahlukeneyo esifo:

• Iidumba Ezivakalayo Ngesandla: Ukufumaneka kweetumor ezingabuhlungu, eziqinileyo ebeleni okanye phantsi kwekhwapha sesinye seziphumo ezixhaphakileyo.

• Ukuphuma Kwebele: Ukuphuma ebeleni, kuhlala kusenzeka kwelinye icala, ngokwawo, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha kungaba negazi, kufuneka kuhlolwe ngononophelo.

• Utshintsho Kwimo okanye Kubungakanani Bebele: Ukubonakala kwotshintsho olucacileyo kubungakanani okanye kwimilo phakathi kwamabele kubalulekile.

• Utshintsho Olubonakalayo Kulusu: Ukutyeba kolusu lwebhele, ukuvuvukala, ukubomvu, ukwenzeka kwamanxeba okanye ukuvela kwenkangeleko "yolusu lwelamuni" kunokwenzeka.

• Ukutsalwa Phakathi okanye Ukudumba Kwangaphakathi Kwentloko Yebele: Ingakumbi xa itumor isondele entloko yebele okanye ichaphazela imithambo ethile, olu tshintsho lunokubonakala.

Xa uqaphela nayiphi na kwezi mpawu, kubalulekile ukubonana nengcali yezempilo ukuze kufunyanwe kwangethuba.

Ukuzihlola Iibele Nokwenza Mamografi Ukuze Kufunyanwe Kwethuba

Ukuzihlola iibele sisenzo esibalulekileyo esinceda abasetyhini ukuba baqaphele utshintsho ebeleni kwangethuba. Kuyacetyiswa ukuba kwenziwe ngosuku oluthile kumjikelo wokuya exesheni okanye, emva kokungayi exesheni, ngosuku olufanayo ngenyanga. Ngexesha lokuzihlola, kufuneka kuqwalaselwe utshintsho kwithishu yebele, ukuvuvukala, ukutsalwa kunye notshintsho lombala.

IMamografi, yindlela yokuxilonga esetyenziswa njengeyona migangatho iphezulu ekufunyanweni komhlaza webele, isebenzisa i-X-ray enedosi ephantsi. Iingcali zihlala zicebisa ukuba abasetyhini abangenazo iimpawu zomngcipheko baqale ukwenza mamografi kube kanye ngonyaka ukusukela kwiminyaka engama-40. Kwabo bakwiqela lomngcipheko, kunokufuneka ukuqala ngaphambi kwexesha kunye nokwenza rhoqo, ngokweengcebiso zonyango.

Ukuhlelwa Kwezigaba Zomhlaza Webele Nokuhamba Kwesifo

Umhlaza webele uhlelwa ngokobukhulu betumor, ukusasazeka kwiigland zefolokhwe kunye nokuba usasazekile kwezinye izitho zomzimba:

• Isigaba Sokuqala (Isigaba 1): Itumor incinci kune-2 cm kwaye akukho kusasazeka kwiigland zefolokhwe.

• Isigaba Esiphakathi (Isigaba 2): Itumor inokuba nkulu kune-2 cm, kwaye kungabakho okanye kungabikho ukubandakanyeka kweegland zefolokhwe.

• Isigaba Esiphambili (Isigaba 3): Itumor inkulu kune-5 cm kwaye ukusasazeka kwiigland zefolokhwe kubonakala ngokucacileyo.

• Kwizigaba eziphambili ngakumbi, umhlaza unokusasazeka kwezinye iindawo zomzimba.

Kwiimeko zomhlaza webele ezifunyenwe kwangethuba kwaye zonyangelwa, amazinga okusinda aphezulu kakhulu. Ngenxa yoko, ukuvavanywa kunye nokuhlolwa rhoqo kubaluleke kakhulu.

Utyando Lwebele Neendlela Zonyango

Kunyango lomhlaza webele, utyando luhlala lusetyenziswa kakhulu. Iindlela zotyando zixhomekeke kwinqanaba lesifo, ubungakanani betumor kunye nokusasazeka kwayo:

• Utyando Olugcinayo Ibele: Indawo enomhlaza kunye neendawo ezikufutshane ziyasuswa, ithishu yebele iyonke igcinwa. Luhlala lusetyenziswa kwizigaba zokuqala.

• IMastectomy: Lutyando apho ithishu yebele iyonke isuswa. Luthandwa kwiimeko eziphambili okanye xa itumor isasazekile kakhulu.

• Utyando Lwe-Onkoplastiki: Ukususwa kwethishu enomhlaza kuhamba kunye nokugcinwa kwemilo yebele, kuthathelwa ingqalelo inkangeleko.

• Uhlolo Lwe-Sentinel Lenf Node: Iigland zokuqala apho umhlaza usasazeka khona zifumaniswa ngepeyinti ekhethekileyo kwaye ziyasuswa.

• Ucoceko LweGland Zefolokhwe: Ukuba kukho ukusasazeka komhlaza kwiigland zefolokhwe, ezi ndawo ziyasuswa ngotyando.

Zonke iindlela zotyando zenziwa phantsi kwe-anesthesia efanelekileyo kumguli kwaye zihlala zithatha phakathi kweyure enye nesiqingatha ukuya kweziyi-2. Impilo yomguli ibalulekile ekumiseleni ubungakanani botyando kunye nexesha lokuphilisa.

Imingcipheko Yotando Nezinto Ezinokubakho

Utyando lomhlaza webele, njengazo zonke iindlela zotyando, lunemingeni ethile; phakathi kwazo kukho:

• Ukuphuhliswa kosulelo kwindawo etyiweyo

• Ukopha kunye nokwenziwa kwehematoma

• Ukuqokelelwa kolwelo kwindawo etyiweyo (seroma)

• Ukuphazamiseka kwemilo kwexesha elifutshane okanye elide

• Umngcipheko wokusasazeka kwesifo kwezinye iindawo, kuxhomekeke kwiimpawu zetumor

Iingxaki zinokwahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwimpilo yomntu, ubudala kunye nezinye iingxaki zonyango ezikhoyo. Ukulandela ngononophelo emva kotyando kunye nokulandela iingcebiso zonyango kudlala indima ephambili ekunciphiseni imingcipheko.

Izinto Ezingqwalaselwa Emva Kotyando

Ukuphumla emva kotyando, ukhathalelo oluqhelekileyo lweendawo ezityiweyo kunye nokuhlolwa ngugqirha kubalulekile. Ukuphepha ukusela utywala kunye nokutshaya, ukutya okulinganiselweyo nokusempilweni kunye nokuzilolonga okuthambileyo kwemihla ngemihla kuyacetyiswa. Ukuba kuyimfuneko, inkxaso yengqondo inganceda ekukhawuleziseni ukuphilisa kunye nokuphucula umgangatho wobomi bomguli.

Ixesha lokuphilisa lixhomekeke kwimpilo iyonke yomguli, uhlobo lotyando olwenziweyo kunye neengxaki ezivelayo. Abaguli bahlala bekhupha esibhedlele kwiintsuku ezimbalwa, kodwa ukuphilisa ngokupheleleyo kunokuthatha iiveki ezimbalwa.

Isiqhelo Sokuhlolwa Rhoqo Nokuvavanywa

Ukuzihlola iibele rhoqo kunye nemamografi ngamaxesha acetyisiweyo kubalulekile ekufunyanweni kwangethuba komhlaza webele. Ingakumbi abo banembali yosapho yomhlaza webele okanye abaneempawu zomngcipheko, kufuneka baqhubeke nokuhlolwa rhoqo njengoko kucetyiswa ngugqirha.

Kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba, hayi yonke idumba okanye utshintsho kwithishu yebele luthetha umhlaza, kodwa xa kuthe kwaqatshelwa utshintsho, kufuneka kuhlolwe ngokwezonyango. Ngale ndlela, unyango lunokuthi luqale kwangethuba ukuba kuyimfuneko.

Imibuzo Ebuziwa Rhoqo

1. Ziziphi ezona mpawu zicacileyo zomhlaza webele?

Idumba engabuhlungu evakalayo ebeleni okanye phantsi kwekhwapha, ukuphuma kwentloko yebele, ukutyeba kolusu okanye utshintsho kwimilo, ukutsalwa kwentloko yebele kunye notshintsho kubungakanani bebele zezona mpawu zixhaphakileyo.

2. Kufuneka ndizihlola kangaphi iibele?

Kuyacetyiswa ukuba kwenziwe rhoqo ngenyanga, ngosuku oluthile kumjikelo wokuya exesheni okanye, ukuba ungayi exesheni, ngosuku oluthile ngenyanga.

3. Mamografi kufuneka iqale nini?

Ngokuqhelekileyo, kuyacetyiswa ukuba kuqale kwiminyaka engama-40, kube kanye ngonyaka kwabasetyhini abangenamngcipheko. Kwabo banembali yosapho yomhlaza webele okanye abaneempawu zomngcipheko, kunokuthi kuqale ngaphambi kwexesha ngokwengcebiso yogqirha.

4. Ndingaphilisa nini emva kotyando?

Uninzi lwabaguli bakhupha esibhedlele kwiintsuku ezimbalwa, kodwa ukuphilisa ngokupheleleyo kuhlala kuthatha iiveki ezimbalwa. Ixesha lokuphilisa lixhomekeke kubungakanani botyando olwenziweyo.

5. Ngaba umngcipheko wokuphinda ube nomhlaza webele ukhona emva konyango?

Kubanye abaguli, umngcipheko wokuphinda ube nomhlaza ukhona; ngenxa yoko, kufuneka kuqhubekekwe nokuhlolwa rhoqo kunye neenkqubo zokuvavanya ezicetyisiweyo.

6. Ngaba utyando lomhlaza webele luyingozi?

Njengazo zonke iindlela zotyando, kukho imingcipheko ethile (usulelo, ukopha njl. njl.); kodwa, kunye neqela elinamava kunye nokhathalelo olufanelekileyo, le mingeni ingancitshiswa kakhulu.

7. Ziziphi ezinye iindlela zokubonisa ngaphandle kwemamografi?

Iindlela ezifana ne-ultrasound kunye ne-MR zingasetyenziswa, ingakumbi xa kungekho mfanekiso ocacileyo ofunyenwe ngemamografi. Eyona ndlela ifanelekileyo iya kugqitywa ngugqirha wakho.

8. Ngaba umhlaza webele unyanga ngokupheleleyo xa ufumaneka kwangethuba?

Kwabo bafumana uvavanyo kwangethuba kwaye bafumana unyango olufanelekileyo, amathuba okuphila aphezulu kakhulu. Kwisigaba esiphambili, unyango lunokuba nzima ngakumbi, kodwa ngeendlela ezintsha, ixesha lomphilo kunye nomgangatho wempilo unokunyuswa.

9. Ngaba ukutya kunye nendlela yokuphila kuchaphazela umngcipheko womhlaza webele?

Ukutya okulinganiselweyo, ukuzilolonga rhoqo, ukunciphisa ukutshaya kunye nokusela utywala kunokunceda ekwehliseni umngcipheko, kodwa akukhuseli ngokupheleleyo.

10. Ngaba umhlaza webele uvela kuphela kubasetyhini?

Umhlaza webele unokubonakala nakubasetyhini, nangona kunjalo, amadoda nabo banokufumana; amadoda kufuneka aye kugqirha xa beqaphela utshintsho okanye iqhina kwithishu yebele.

11. Ngaba ukuvuza kwencindi kwibele kuhlala kuthetha umhlaza?

Akusoloko ukuvuza kwibele kuthetha umhlaza; kunokubangelwa zizizathu zehomoni okanye usulelo. Kodwa ukuvuza kwegazi okanye okuvela kwicala elinye kufuneka kuhlolwe.

12. Ngaba kunokwenzeka ukwenza utyando lwezobuhle emva kotyando lwebele?

Xa kufanelekile, unyango lwe-onkoplastiki okanye ulwakhiwo kwakhona (ukwakhiwa kwebele elitsha) lunokujongwa njengolunye ukhetho.

13. Yintoni i-biopsy ye-node ye-lymph colloidal kwaye kutheni yenziwa?

Ngale nkqubo, kufunyanwa iinodi zokuqala apho umhlaza usasazeke khona kwaye zisuswe xa kuyimfuneko. Oku kunceda ekuchongeni ukusasazeka kwesifo kunye nokucwangcisa unyango.

14. Ngaba kufuneka ndixhalabe ukuba iziphumo ze-pathology zithatha ixesha?

Iziphumo ze-pathology zinokuthatha ixesha ukuphuma. Xa iziphumo zifika, ugqirha wakho uya kukunika inkcazelo eneenkcukacha malunga nenkqubo.

15. Ngaba inkxaso yengqondo iyimfuneko emva kokufunyanwa komhlaza webele?

Emva kokuqinisekiswa kwesifo, kunokubakho imingeni yemvakalelo. Ukufumana inkxaso koogqirha kunokwenza lula inkqubo yokuphila kunye nokuzivumelanisa.

Imithombo

• Umbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi (WHO): Inyani malunga nomhlaza webele

• Umbutho waseMelika woMhlaza (American Cancer Society): Uhlaziyo lomhlaza webele

• Ikholeji yaseMelika yeRadiology (ACR): Imigaqo yeMammography

• Umbutho waseYurophu we-Oncology yezoNyango (ESMO): Imigaqo yokuSebenza yoNyango lomhlaza webele

• CDC (Iziko loLawulo kunye noThintelo lweZifo): Ulwazi lomhlaza webele