Lintlha Tseo U Lokelang ho li Tseba ka Kankere ea Mali (Leukemia)
Leukemia ke Eng?
Leukemia ke mofuta oa kankere o hlahang ka lebaka la ho ata ha lisele tsa mali ka tsela e sa tloaelehang le e sa laoleheng mokokotlong oa masapo, o ka hlahang ho batho ba lilemo tsohle empa o atisa ho fumanoa haholo bana le batho ba baholo ba fetang lilemo tse 50. Maemong ao ho fumanoang kapele, katleho ea phekolo e eketseha haholo. Ka lebaka lena, ho lemoha matšoao a leukemia ka nako le ho qala phekolo kapele ho bohlokoa haholo bophelong.
Leukemia e hlaha ha lisele tsa motso tsa mokokotlo oa masapo li ata ka potlako le ka tsela e sa laoleheng pele li qeta ho hola ka mokhoa o tloaelehileng. Boemo bona bo qala ka ho ama lesela la mokokotlo oa masapo 'me butle-butle bo ka hasana 'meleng kaofela. Mokokotlong oa masapo ho hlahisoa lisele tse khubelu tsa mali (erythrocytes), lisele tse tšoeu tsa mali (leukocytes) le lisele tsa ho koala mali (platelets). Haholo-holo lisele tse tšoeu tsa mali li bapala karolo ea bohlokoa tšireletsong ea 'mele khahlanong le tšoaetso le lisele tse bontšang tšekamelo ea ho fetoha kankere.
Lisele tse tšoeu tsa mali li ka hlahisoa eseng feela mokokotlong oa masapo, empa le litho tse fapaneng tse kang lymph nodes, spleen le thymus. Ha leukemia e sa phekoloe, e ka ba boima haholo. Mefuta ea leukemia e thehiloeng ho ho ata haholo ha lisele tse tšoeu tse holileng hangata e tsamaea butle; athe maemong ao ho nang le ho ata haholo ha lisele tse sa holang, matšoao a ka hlaha kapele, ka libeke kapa likhoeli tse seng kae.
Mefuta ea Leukemia ke Efe?
Ka kakaretso, leukemia e arotsoe ka lihlopha tse peli tse kholo ho latela lebelo la tsoelo-pele: acute (e potlakileng) le chronic (e tsamaeang butle). Acute leukemia e tsamaea le ho ata ha lisele ka potlako le matšoao a tšohanyetso, athe chronic e ka nka lilemo tse ngata ka tsoelo-pele e sa bonahaleng habonolo.
Lihlopha tsena tse peli tse kholo li arotsoe hape ho latela mofuta oa sele e tšoeu ea mali e atang ka mokhoa o sa tloaelehang:
Tse tsoang ho lisele tsa myeloid li bitsoa “leukemia ea myeloid”,
Tse tsoang ho lisele tsa lymphocyte li bitsoa “leukemia ea lymphoblastic (kapa lymphocytic)”.
Ho boetse ho na le mefuta e meng e sa tloaelehang ea leukemia (mohlala: juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia, hairy cell leukemia).
Mefuta e mene e atileng haholo ea leukemia ke ena:
1. Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)
Ke mofuta o atileng haholo ho bana, empa o ka fumanoa le ho batho ba baholo. Ho bakuli, lisele tse tšoeu tsa mali tsa mofuta oa lymphocyte tse sa holang li ata ka mokhoa o sa laoleheng. Liphello tsa ALL ho batho ba baholo le bana li fapana ho latela lilemo, bophelo bo akaretsang le karabelo phekolo.
2. Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)
E hlaha ka lebaka la ho ata ha lisele tsa myeloid pele li hola. E atisa ho fumanoa ho batho ba baholo le ba lilemong tse mahareng. Katleho ea phekolo ea AML e ntse e eketseha ka mekhoa e mecha ea bongaka.
3. Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)
Hangata e fumanoa ho batho ba baholo haholo, haholo-holo ba fetang lilemo tse 60. Ka mofuta ona, lisele tsa lymphocyte tse holileng empa tse sa sebetseng li bokellana 'meleng, li sitisa mosebetsi o tloaelehileng oa mokokotlo oa masapo le litho tse ling.
4. Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)
Ho CML, e atileng haholo ho batho ba lilemo tse 25-60, lisele tsa myeloid li ata ka mokhoa o sa tloaelehang. Meriana e mecha e lebisitsoeng ho lisele e ntlafalitse liphello tsa phekolo le ho eketsa menyetla ea ho phela halelele.
Matšoao a Leukemia ke Afe?
Matšoao a leukemia a ka tšoana le a mafu a mang a mokokotlo oa masapo 'me hangata a kenyelletsa tsena tse latelang:
Ho se be le matla, ho fifala, ho khathala kapele, ho hema ka thata (ka lebaka la khaello ea mali)
Ho tšoaroa khafetsa ke tšoaetso (ka lebaka la bofokoli ba tsamaiso ea 'mele ea ho itšireletsa)
Ho tsoa mali ka nko, marenene kapa ka tlasa letlalo ka mokhoa o sa lebelloang, matheba a matšo le matheba a manyane (petechiae)
Ho hloka takatso ea lijo, ho fokotseha ha boima ba 'mele, ho fufuleloa bosiu
Ho tšoaroa ke feberu e phahameng nako e telele
Mabali a masapo le manonyeletso
Ho hola ha lisele tsa lymph node libakeng tse kang molala, ka tlasa letsoho kapa letheka
Ho ruruha letlalong kapa ka mpeng
Leukemia ho Bana: Matšoao le Lipontšo
Leukemia ke karolo ea bohlokoa ea mefuta ea kankere e fumanoang ho bana, haholo-holo ho bana ba lilemo tse 2-10. Ho masea, lintho tse sireletsang tse tsoang lebese la mme lia fokotseha ka nako 'me tsamaiso ea ho itšireletsa ea ngoana e tsoela pele ho hola. Nakong ena, tšoaetso e itseng ea vaerase, tšekamelo ea lefutso le khaello ea vithamine D li ka eketsa kotsi ea ho ba le leukemia.
Matšoao a atisang ho bonoa ho bana:
Ho fifala ho bonahalang letlalong
Ho fokotseha ha boima ba 'mele, ho hloka takatso ea lijo
Mafu a feberu a telele kapa a iphetang
Matheba a matšo le ho ruruha 'meleng
Ho hola le ho ruruha ka mpeng
Mabali a masapo kapa manonyeletso
Ha lefu le tsoela pele, ho hasana ha lisele tsa kankere tsamaisong ea methapo kapa lithong tse ling ho ka baka matšoao a eketsehileng a kang hlooho e opang, ho nyekeloa ke pelo le ho tšoaroa ke lefu la ho thothomela.
Lintho Tse Eketsang Kotsi ea Leukemia ke Life?
Leukemia ke e 'ngoe ea mefuta ea kankere e atileng lefatšeng ka bophara, 'me e fumanoa hanyane hanyane ho banna ho feta basali. Lintho tse eketsang kotsi li fapana ho latela mofuta oa leukemia:
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)
Le hoja lisosa tsohle li sa tsejoe hantle, ho pepesehela mahlaseli a phahameng, lik'hemik'hale tse itseng (mohlala: benzene), phekolo ea chemotherapy e fetileng, tšoaetso e itseng ea vaerase (HTLV-1, Epstein–Barr virus), mafu a mang a lefutso (Down syndrome, Fanconi anemia) li ka eketsa kotsi ea ALL.
Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)
Liphetoho tsa lefutso, kotsi e eketsehang ka lilemo, ho tsuba, mafu a itseng a mali kapa histori ea chemotherapy, Down syndrome ke tse ling tsa lintho tse tsejoang tse eketsang kotsi ea AML.
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)
Lebaka la CLL ha le tsejoe hantle. Leha ho le joalo, lilemo tse phahameng, bong ba monna, ho pepesehela lik'hemik'hale tse itseng le histori ea lelapa ea CLL li eketsa kotsi.
Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)
CML hangata e amahanngoa le phetoho ea lefutso e fumanoang bophelong (eseng e futsitsoeng). Phetoho ea lefutso e bitsoang “Philadelphia chromosome” e fumanoa boholo ba linyeoe tsa CML 'me phetoho ena e baka ho ata ha lisele tsa mokokotlo oa masapo ka mokhoa o sa laoleheng.
Leukemia e Fumanwa Joang?
Sepheo sa ho fumana leukemia ke ho netefatsa boteng ba lefu, mofuta le hore na le hasane hakae. Mehato e meholo e latelang e sebelisoa nakong ea tlhahlobo:
Potso e qaqileng le tlhahlobo ea 'mele: Ho shejoa ho fifala ho bontšang anemia, ho hola ha lisele tsa lymph node kapa litho, le liphetoho letlalong.
Litekolo tsa mali: Palo e felletseng ea mali, biochemistry, mesebetsi ea sebete le liteko tsa ho koala mali lia etsoa.
Peripheral blood smear: E sebelisoa ho hlahloba boteng ba lisele tse sa tloaelehang maling.
Bone marrow biopsy/aspiration: Ho netefatsa lefu, haholo-holo maemong a acute, sampole e nkiloeng mokokotlong oa masapo e hlahlojoa ka tlas'a microscope.
Litekolo tsa lefutso le tsa molek'hule: Haholo-holo ho CML, ho batloa Philadelphia chromosome le phetoho ea gene ea BCR-ABL.
Bone marrow biopsy hangata e etsoa ho hip bone 'me e hlahlojoa laborateng e khethehileng.
Ho Fanoa ka Eng Phekolong ea Leukemia?
Leano la phekolo le lokela ho etsoa ke sehlopha sa litsebi tsa mafu a mali le oncology, le shebane le mofuta oa leukemia le boemo ba bophelo ba mokuli. Kajeno, mekhoa e meholo e sebelisoang phekolo ea leukemia ke ena:
Chemotherapy
Ho sebelisoa meriana e fapaneng ea chemotherapy ho felisa lisele tse sa tloaelehang. Mofuta oa meriana le mokhoa oa ho e sebelisa li khethoa ho latela mofuta oa leukemia le boemo ba mokuli.
Radiotherapy
Ho sebelisoa mahlaseli a matla ho felisa lisele tsa leukemia. Radiotherapy hangata e sebelisoa maemong a khethehileng, ka linako tse ling e le boitokisetso ba ho kenya lisele tsa motso.
Phekolo e Thehiloeng ho Biology le Molek'hule
Meriana ea moloko o mocha e matlafatsang tsamaiso ea ho itšireletsa kapa e lebisang lisele tsa kankere (immunotherapy, biological agents, targeted molecular therapies) e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa mefuteng e meng ea leukemia. Mohlala, tyrosine kinase inhibitors e ntlafalitse phekolo ea CML 'me e na le litla-morao tse fokolang ho feta chemotherapy.
Ho Kenya Lisele tsa Motso (Bone Marrow Transplant)
Ts'ebetso ena, moo masapo a mafura a tlosoang ka ho feletseng ebe a nkeloa sebaka ke lisele tsa motso tse phetseng hantle, ke e 'ngoe ea mekhoa e sebetsang ka ho fetisisa har'a likhetho tsa phekolo 'me e sebelisoa ho bakuli ba loketseng. Nakong ea ts'ebetso le ka mor'a moo, litla-morao tse itseng li ka hlaha. Haholo-holo mathata a amanang le tsamaiso ea 'mele ea ho itšireletsa (mohlala, GVHD), tšenyo ea litho le kotsi ea tšoaetso li lokela ho nahanoa. Ka lebaka lena, ts'ebetso ea phetisetso e lokela ho etsoa litsi tse nang le phihlelo.
Liphekolo Tšehetsang
Ho fokotsa kotsi ea ho hloka mali, tšoaetso le ho tsoa mali tse bakoang ke chemotherapy le liphekolo tse ling, ho hlokahala phetisetso ea mali, meriana e thibelang tšoaetso, haeba ho hlokahala li-antibiotic le liphekolo tse ling tse tšehetsang.
Ka lebaka la mekhoa ea phekolo ea sejoale-joale, sekhahla sa pholoho ho bakuli ba leukaemia se eketsehile haholo lilemong tsa morao tjena. Mohlala, lilemong tsa bo-1970 sekhahla sa pholoho sa lilemo tse 5 e ne e le hoo e ka bang liperesente tse 30, empa ho latela lintlha tsa kajeno, ka phekolo e nepahetseng le ho fumanoa kapele, ho tlalehoa hore sekhahla sena se fetile liperesente tse 60.
Hopola; ho bona matšoao kapele le ho ea setsing sa bophelo bo botle hang-hang ho fana ka monyetla o moholo haholo mabapi le boleng ba bophelo le tsela eo lefu le tsamaeang ka eona.
Lipotso Tse Botsoang Hangata
1. Na leukaemia e tšoaetsanoa?
Che, leukaemia ha se lefu le tšoaetsanoang. E hlaha ka liphetoho tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso, lintlha tsa kotsi tsa tikoloho le tsa motho ka mong 'me ha e fetisoe ho tloha ho motho e mong ho ea ho e mong.
2. Ke eng e bakang leukaemia ka ho toba?
Hangata lebaka le tobileng la leukaemia ha le tsejoe. Leha ho le joalo, lintlha tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso, lintho tse ling tsa lik'hemik'hale, mahlaseli le livaerase tse itseng li ka eketsa kotsi.
3. Na leukaemia e ka phekoloa?
Mefuta e mengata ea leukaemia, haholo-holo ha e fumanoa kapele le ka phekolo e nepahetseng, e ka laoloa kapa ea felisoa ka ho feletseng. Monyetla oa phekolo o fapana ho latela lilemo tsa mokuli, boemo ba kakaretso le mofuta oa leukaemia.
4. Batho ba nang le leukaemia ba phela nako e kae?
Nako ea ho phela ka leukaemia e amana haufi-ufi le mofuta oa lefu, nako ea ho fumanoa, karabelo ho phekolo le litšobotsi tsa bophelo bo botle ba motho. Kajeno, ka liphekolo tse atlehileng, ho phela nako e telele hoa khoneha.
5. Ke hobane'ng ha leukaemia e atile ho bana?
Lintho tse itseng tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso le tsa ho itšireletsa 'meleng ho bana, ha li kopantsoe le lintlha tsa tikoloho, li ka baka ho ba le monyetla oa ho ba le leukaemia. Leha ho le joalo, ho bana ba bangata lebaka le tobileng ha le fumanoe.
6. Na phetisetso ea masapo a mafura e loketse motho e mong le e mong?
Che, phetisetso ea masapo a mafura ha e khothalletsoe ho bakuli bohle. Ho loketse ho lekanyetsoa ke lingaka ho latela lilemo tsa mokuli, boemo ba bophelo bo botle, mofuta o ka tlaase oa lefu le lintlha tse ling tsa bongaka.
7. Matšoao a leukaemia a ka ferekanngoa le mafu afe a mang?
Leukaemia e ka ferekanngoa le matšoao a tšoaetso e itseng, mefuta ea ho hloka mali le mafu a mang a mali. Liteko tse feletseng tsa mali le liphuputso tse tsoetseng pele li sebelisoa ho etsa phapang.
8. Na ho ka khoneha ho thibela leukaemia?
Le hoja ho sa khonehe ho thibela ka ho feletseng, ho qoba koae le lik'hemik'hale tse kotsi, ho ba le mekhoa e phetseng hantle ea bophelo le ho etsa lihlahlobo tsa bophelo bo botle khafetsa ho thusa ho bona lefu kapele.
9. Na bakuli ba leukaemia ba na le monyetla o moholo oa ho tšoaroa ke tšoaetso?
E, masapo a mafura le tsamaiso ea ho itšireletsa 'mele lia ameha. Ka lebaka lena, ho bohlokoa ho ela hloko bohloeki, ho qoba libaka tse nang le batho ba bangata le tse nang le tšoaetso, le ho nka mehato ea tšireletso ha ho hlokahala.
10. Na ho na le ho lahleheloa ke moriri leukaemieng?
Meriana e meng e sebelisoang nakong ea phekolo (haholo-holo chemotherapy) e ka baka ho lahleheloa ke moriri. Tšusumetso ena hangata ke ea nakoana 'me moriri o ka hola hape ka mor'a phekolo.
11. Na leukaemia e fetisoa ka lefa?
Ho fetisoa ka lefa ha ho atlehe maemong a mangata a leukaemia. Leha ho le joalo, maemong a mang a liphatsa tsa lefutso a ka eketsa kotsi ea ho ba le leukaemia.
12. Ke lintho life tseo ho lokelang ho ela hloko nakong ea phekolo ea leukaemia?
Ho itšireletsa khahlanong le tšoaetso, ho latela likeletso tsa ngaka ka hloko, ho se tlohele lihlahlobo tsa kamehla le ho tsebisa sehlopha sa bophelo bo botle ka litla-morao ho bohlokoa.
Mehloli
Mokhatlo oa Lefatše oa Bophelo (WHO): Leukemia
Litsi tsa Taolo le Thibelo ea Mafu tsa Amerika (CDC): Lintlha tsa Bakuli ba Leukemia
American Cancer Society: Kakaretso ea Leukemia
European Hematology Association: Litaelo tsa Leukemia
Cancer Research UK: Mefuta le Liphekolo tsa Leukemia