Yintoni Umhlaza Wemiphunga? Iimpawu Zawo, Izizathu, Neendlela Zokufumanisa
Yintsholongwane Yomphunga Yintoni? Iimpawu Zayo, Izizathu Zayo, Iindlela Zokufumanisa Zithini?
Yintsholongwane yomphunga ligama elinikiweyo kwiithumba ezimbi (malignant tumors) ezivelayo ngenxa yokwanda okungaqhelekanga kweeseli kumalungu omphunga. Ezi seli ziqala ngokwanda kwindawo ezikuyo zize zenze iqela leeseli (mass). Ngokuhamba kwexesha, xa umhlaza uqhubeka, unokusa kumalungu akufuphi nakwamanye amalungu omzimba akude.
Esi sifo sesinye seentlobo zomhlaza ezixhaphakileyo kwihlabathi liphela kwaye sinokubangela iziphumo ezinzima. Kuba ngokuqhelekileyo asibonisi mpawu kwixesha lokuqala, amaxesha amaninzi sifunyanwa sele sikwinqanaba eliphezulu. Ngenxa yoko, kubalulekile ukuba abantu abakwizingozi ephezulu baye rhoqo kuvavanyo baze bathathe inxaxheba kwiinkqubo zokuhlola.
Ulwazi Ngokubanzi NgeYintsholongwane Yomphunga
Yintsholongwane yomphunga sisifo esivelayo ngenxa yokwanda okungaqhelekanga kweeseli kumphunga. Ezona zinto zixhaphakileyo ezibangela umngcipheko kukusebenzisa ugwayi, ukuhlala ixesha elide kwindawo enongcoliseko lomoya, ukuchasana nezinto ezinobungozi ezifana ne-asbestos kunye negesi ye-radon.
Ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kwegwayi ngakumbi, ezi zinto zomngcipheko zenza ukuba yintsholongwane yomphunga ibe sesona sizathu siphambili sokufa ngenxa yomhlaza kumadoda nakubafazi kumazwe amaninzi. Nangona unyango lunokuphumelela ukuba sifunyenwe kwangoko, amaxesha amaninzi sifunyanwa sele sikwinqanaba eliphezulu, nto leyo enciphisa amathuba onyango oluphumelelayo.
Yintsholongwane Yomphunga Ivela Ngokuqhelekileyo Ngaziphi Iimpawu?
Iimpawu zeyintsholongwane yomphunga zihlala zivelayo kwinqanaba eliphezulu lesifo. Nangona ingabonakali kwixesha lokuqala, ekuhambeni kwexesha ezi zinto zilandelayo zinokubonakala:
Ukukhohlela okungapheliyo nokuba mandundu ngokuhamba kwexesha
Igazi kwinkhohlela
Ukuphazamiseka kwelizwi okungapheliyo
Ubunzima bokuginya
Ukuncipha kokutya kunye nokuphulukana nobunzima bomzimba
Ukudinwa okungachazwanga
Ngenxa yokuba ezi mpawu zinokubonakala nakwezinye izifo zomphunga, kubalulekile ukubonana nengcali xa kukho ukungaqiniseki.
Iimpawu Zeyintsholongwane Yomphunga Ziyahluka Njani Ngokwenqanaba?
Inqanaba 0: Iiseli zomhlaza zikhona kuphela kuluhlu lwangaphakathi lomphunga, zihlala zingabonisi mpawu kwaye zifumaneka ngengozi kuvavanyo oluqhelekileyo.
Inqanaba 1: Ithumba likhoyo kuphela ngaphakathi komphunga, alikasasazeki. Ukukhohlela okuncinane, ukuphelelwa ngumoya okanye intlungu encinane esifubeni kunokubonakala. Kule meko, unyango lokuhlinzwa lunokuphumelela.
Inqanaba 2: Umhlaza unokufikelela kwiingxenye ezinzulu zomphunga okanye kwiindawo ezikufutshane ze lymph nodes. Igazi kwinkhohlela, intlungu esifubeni kunye nokudinwa zixhaphake ngakumbi. Ukongeza ekuhlinzweni, unyango lwe-chemotherapy kunye ne-radiotherapy lunokufuneka.
Inqanaba 3: Isifo sesisasazekile kwiindawo ezingaphandle komphunga nakwi lymph nodes. Ukukhohlela okungapheliyo, intlungu esifubeni ecacileyo, ubunzima bokuginya, ukuncipha kakhulu kobunzima bomzimba kunye nokudinwa okukhulu kunokubonakala. Unyango luhlala ludibanisa iindlela ezininzi.
Inqanaba 4: Umhlaza usasazeke kwamanye amalungu omzimba (umzekelo isibindi, ingqondo okanye amathambo). Ukuphelelwa ngumoya okukhulu, ukudinwa okukhulu, iintlungu zamathambo kunye nentloko, ukungafuni kutya kunye nokuncipha kakhulu kobunzima bomzimba zixhaphake. Kule meko, unyango lujolise kulawulo lweempawu kunye nokuphucula umgangatho wobomi.
Zeziphi Izizathu Ezisisiseko Zeyintsholongwane Yomphunga?
Eyona nto iphambili ebangela umngcipheko kukusebenzisa ugwayi. Nangona kunjalo, abantu abangazange basebenzise ugwayi nabo banokufumana yintsholongwane yomphunga. Ngokubanzi, uninzi lweentlobo zeyintsholongwane yomphunga lufunyenwe lunxulumene nogwayi. Ukuphefumla umsi kwegwayi ngokungathanga ngqo (passive smoking) nako kunyusa kakhulu umngcipheko.
Enye yezinto zomngcipheko kukuchasana ne-asbestos. I-asbestos, eyayisetyenziswa kakhulu ngenxa yokumelana nobushushu nokungonakali, namhlanje ichaphazela ngakumbi abantu abasebenza kwiindawo apho isuswa khona.
Ukongeza, ungcoliseko lomoya, igesi ye-radon, imitha ye-ionizing, izifo zomphunga ezifana ne-KOAH (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) kunye nokufumana esi sifo kusapho nako kunyusa umngcipheko wokufumana yintsholongwane yomphunga.
Zikhona Iindidi Ezahlukeneyo Zeyintsholongwane Yomphunga?
Iintsholongwane zomphunga zahlulwe zibe ngamaqela amabini aphambili ngokweeseli apho ziqala khona:
Umhlaza womphunga oneeseli ezincinci: Umalunga ne-10-15% yamatyala onke. Ukhula ngokukhawuleza kwaye usasazeka kwangoko, kwaye unxulumene kakhulu nogwayi.
Umhlaza womphunga oneeseli ezingezincinci: Umalunga ne-85% yamatyala onke. Eli qela lahlulwe liziindidi ezintathu eziphambili:
Adenocarcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
Large cell carcinoma
Nangona impendulo kunye nendlela yokuhamba kwesi sifo ingcono kwiintsholongwane ezingezincinci, inqanaba lesifo kunye nempilo iyonke yomntu zibalulekile.
Izinto Ezibangela Yintsholongwane Yomphunga kunye Nezinto Ezonyusa Umngcipheko
Ukusebenzisa ugwayi ngokuthe ngqo sesona sizathu siphambili sesifo.
Nakubantu abangasebenzisi ugwayi, ukuphefumla umsi kwegwayi kunyusa kakhulu umngcipheko.
Ukuhlala ixesha elide kwindawo enegesi ye-radon, ngakumbi kwizakhiwo ezingavulelekanga kakuhle, kubalulekile.
I-asbestos inyusa umngcipheko kubantu abasebenza kwiindawo ezichaphazelekayo.
Ungcoliseko lomoya olukhulu kunye nokuchasana neekhemikhali zoshishino nazo zizinto zomngcipheko.
Ukuba kukho imbali yesifo kusapho kunokunyusa umngcipheko womntu.
Ukuba nomhlaza womphunga ongapheliyo (KOAH) okanye izifo ezifanayo nako kunyusa umngcipheko.
Yintsholongwane Yomphunga Ifunyaniswa Njani?
Kusetyenziswa iindlela zale mihla zokujonga ngaphakathi kunye novavanyo lwegazi ekufumaneni yintsholongwane yomphunga. Ngokukodwa, abantu abakwizingozi ephezulu banokucetyiswa ukuba bahlolwe minyaka le besebenzisa i-low-dose computed tomography.
Ukuba kukho iimpawu, i-X-ray yomphunga, i-computed tomography, uvavanyo lwenkhohlela kunye nokuba kuyimfuneko, i-biopsy (ukuthatha isampuli yeseli) zezinye zeendlela eziqhelekileyo zokufumanisa. Emva kokufumana ezi datha, inqanaba, ukusasazeka kunye nodidi lomhlaza kuyachongwa. Emva koko, ucwangciso lonyango olufanelekileyo lwenziwa kumguli.
Yintsholongwane Yomphunga Ithatha Ixesha Elingakanani Ukuphuhliswa?
Kwiintsholongwane zomphunga, kusenokuthatha iminyaka emi-5 ukuya kweli-10 ukusuka ekuqaleni kokwanda okungaqhelekanga kweeseli ukuya ekubonakaleni kweempawu ezicacileyo zesifo. Ngenxa yexesha elide lokuphuhliswa, abantu abaninzi bafunyanwa sele besesigabeni esiphambili sesifo. Ukuhlolwa rhoqo kunye nokufunyanwa kwangoko kubalulekile ngenxa yoku.
Zeziphi Iindlela Zonyango Zikhoyo KwiYintsholongwane Yomphunga?
Indlela yonyango ichongwa ngokohlobo lomhlaza, inqanaba lesifo kunye nempilo iyonke yomguli. Kumanqanaba okuqala, ukususwa kwethumba ngokuhlinzwa kuhlala kunokwenzeka. Kumanqanaba aphezulu, i-chemotherapy, i-radiotherapy, i-immunotherapy okanye indibaniselwano yazo zinokukhethwa. Uhlobo lonyango olusetyenziswayo lucwangciswa liqela leengcali ngokweemfuno zomntu.
Utyando, ngakumbi kumanqanaba okuqala kunye nakwiimeko apho ukusasazeka kungaphaya, luyindlela esebenzayo. Ngokuxhomekeke kubungakanani bethumba kunye nendawo yalo, inxenye yomphunga okanye wonke umphunga ungasuswa. Iindlela zonyango ezisetyenziswa kumanqanaba aphezulu zihlala zijolise ekunciphiseni isantya sokukhula kwesifo kunye nokunciphisa iimpawu.
Ukubaluleka Kokuqwalaselwa Rhoqo Nokufunyanwa Kwangoko
Ukuba yintsholongwane yomphunga ifunyenwe ngovavanyo phambi kokuba iimpawu zibonakale, impumelelo yonyango kunye namathuba okusinda angaphucuka kakhulu. Ngokukodwa, abantu abasebenzisa ugwayi abaneminyaka engama-50 nangaphezulu banokuxhamla kuvavanyo lwonyaka, nto leyo enceda ekufumaneni isifo kwangoko. Ukuba ucinga ukuba ukwizingozi ephezulu, kubalulekile ukubonana nengcali kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba kwinkqubo yokuhlola efanelekileyo.
Imibuzo Ebuziwa Rhoqo (FAQ)
Zeziphi iimpawu zokuqala zeyintsholongwane yomphunga?
Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukukhohlela okungapheliyo, igazi kwinkhohlela, ukuphazamiseka kwelizwi kunye nokuphelelwa ngumoya zezinye zeempawu zokuqala. Ukuba unezi zinto, nceda ubonane nogqirha.
Yintsholongwane yomphunga ifumaneka kuphela kubasebenzisi bogwayi?
Hayi. Nangona ugwayi lusisizathu esiphambili, nabantu abangazange basebenzise ugwayi banokufumana esi sifo. Ukuphefumla umsi kwegwayi, izinto ezifunyanwa kusapho kunye nezinto ezikwi ndalo nazo zinendima.
Akciğer
ngaba umhlaza wemiphunga unokubakho kusapho?Kwezinye iintsapho, ukwanda komngcipheko kunokubonakala ngenxa yokufana kwezinto ezifumaneka emzimbeni. Kodwa uninzi lweemeko lunxulunyaniswa nokutshaya kunye nokuchasana nemeko-bume.
Ngaba umhlaza wemiphunga unyangelwa kwangethuba?
Ewe, kumaxesha okuqala, unyango oluchanekileyo lunokubangela ukuphiliswa ngokupheleleyo. Kungenxa yoko le nto ukufunyanwa kwangethuba kusindisa ubomi.
Umgangatho womhlaza usetyenziswa njani?
Ukumiselwa komgangatho kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa iimvavanyo zokujonga kunye, ukuba kuyimfuneko, i-biopsy, ngokuxhomekeke kwinqanaba lokusasazeka komhlaza kunye namalungu achaphazelekayo.
Ngaba ungadideka nezinye izifo?
Ibronchitis engapheliyo, isifo sephepha okanye iintsholongwane zemiphunga zinokubonisa iimpawu ezifanayo. Ukuze kufumaneke isifo ngokuchanekileyo, kufuneka uhlolo oluneenkcukacha.
Ngaba unyango lomhlaza wemiphunga luhlupheka?
Iindlela zonyango zixhomekeke kumgangatho wesifo kunye nempilo yomntu ogulayo. Kubalulekile ukwenza isicwangciso sonyango esilungele umntu ngamnye.
Yintoni enokwenziwa ukukhusela umhlaza wemiphunga?
Ukuphepha ukutshaya kunye neemveliso zetyuwa, ukuthintela umsi ongathathi ntweni, ukuthatha amanyathelo okuzikhusela kwiimisebenzi enobungozi, kunye nokwenza uhlolo lwempilo rhoqo kuyanceda.
Umhlaza wemiphunga uvela kwiminyaka emingaphi?
Uqhele ukubonakala kubantu abadala abangaphezu kweminyaka engama-50, kodwa unokuthi uvele nakweyiphi na iminyaka. Umngcipheko uphezulu ngakumbi kubantu abatshayayo.
Ngaba umgangatho wobomi unokuphuculwa kubantu abaphila nomhlaza wemiphunga?
Ewe, ngenxa yeendlela zonyango zale mihla kunye nonyango oluxhasayo, umgangatho wobomi unokuphuculwa.
Ngubani ocebisiweyo ukuba ahlolwe umhlaza wemiphunga?
Kubantu abatshayayo ixesha elide, abangaphezu kweminyaka engama-50 kunye nabo baneminye imingcipheko, kucebiswa ukuba benze uhlolo rhoqo.
Abantu abasondeleyo kumguli banokunceda njani ngexesha lonyango?
Inkxaso yomzimba kunye nengqondo inefuthe elihle kumgangatho wobomi womguli ngexesha lonyango nangemva kwalo.
Ngaba utyando lomhlaza wemiphunga luyingozi?
Njengazo zonke iindlela zotyando, kukho imingcipheko ethile. Ukuhlolwa ngokweenkcukacha ngaphambi kotyando kunye nokulungiselela okufanelekileyo kunciphisa imingcipheko.
Kuthetha ukuthini ukusetyenziswa "kweziyobisi ezikrelekrele" kunyango?
Kwezinye iintlobo zomhlaza wemiphunga, unyango olujolise ngokukhethekileyo kwi-tumor ("ezikrelekrele") lunokusebenza. Ugqirha wakho unokuhlola olu khetho ngokusekelwe kuvavanyo lwezakhi zofuzo ze-tumor.
Kwenzeka ntoni ukuba umhlaza wemiphunga awunyangwa?
Ukuba awunyanga, umhlaza unokukhula ngokukhawuleza kwaye uphazamise ukusebenza kwamalungu abalulekileyo. Ukufunyanwa kwangethuba kunye nonyango kubalulekile.
Imithombo
World Health Organization (WHO): Lung Cancer
American Cancer Society: Lung Cancer
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): Lung Cancer
European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO): Lung Cancer Guidelines
National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN): Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology – Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA): Lung Cancer Screening and Early Detection